Enhanced multi-level K-means clustering and cluster head selection using a modernized pufferfish optimization algorithm for lifetime maximization in wireless sensor networks

Strategic sensor node deployment is crucial for optimizing the performance of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN). This optimization enhances the network coverage, data acquisition efficiency, and energy conservation, ultimately prolonging the network lifetime and improving overall system reliability. Th...

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Main Authors: Anjana Koyalil, Sivacoumar Rajalingam
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Elsevier 2025-09-01
Series:Results in Engineering
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Online Access:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590123025019073
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author Anjana Koyalil
Sivacoumar Rajalingam
author_facet Anjana Koyalil
Sivacoumar Rajalingam
author_sort Anjana Koyalil
collection DOAJ
description Strategic sensor node deployment is crucial for optimizing the performance of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN). This optimization enhances the network coverage, data acquisition efficiency, and energy conservation, ultimately prolonging the network lifetime and improving overall system reliability. Therefore, researchers are paying more attention to improving the network lifetime. However, existing methods often fall short of achieving optimal network coverage due to inadequate sensor deployment. Additionally, the absence of clustering in certain models compromises the network capacity. To tackle these challenges, a new multi-level clustering technique with a heuristic optimization algorithm is proposed in this research work. A novel heuristic, the Modernized Pufferfish Optimization Algorithm (MPOA), is introduced to optimize WSN performance, drawing inspiration from the pufferfish's natural defense strategies. Initially, an enhanced multi-level K-means algorithm (MKA) is employed to cluster the nodes dynamically in response to evolving network conditions. Finally, an MPOA is suggested for selecting the most suitable Cluster Head (CH) by introducing a new random parameter to solve premature convergence and to obtain the global optimum solution. The test results show that the proposed strategy significantly improves the CH selection, increases the network lifetime by 12.5 % to 62.5 %, decreases the energy consumption by 16.5 % to 28.7 %, decreases the path loss by 16 % to 46 %, increases the number of alive nodes by 32.5 % to 55 %, increases the residual energy by 3.3 % to 77.7 %, decreases the cost function by 1.76 % to 4.42 %, and increases the normalized energy, compared to several benchmark techniques based on varying number of nodes and rounds.
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spelling doaj-art-b57c3ce2fa484907b83cdb86b11bf4862025-08-20T03:30:02ZengElsevierResults in Engineering2590-12302025-09-012710583610.1016/j.rineng.2025.105836Enhanced multi-level K-means clustering and cluster head selection using a modernized pufferfish optimization algorithm for lifetime maximization in wireless sensor networksAnjana Koyalil0Sivacoumar Rajalingam1Department of Sensors and Bio-medical Technology, School of Electronics, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, IndiaCorresponding author.; Department of Sensors and Bio-medical Technology, School of Electronics, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, IndiaStrategic sensor node deployment is crucial for optimizing the performance of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN). This optimization enhances the network coverage, data acquisition efficiency, and energy conservation, ultimately prolonging the network lifetime and improving overall system reliability. Therefore, researchers are paying more attention to improving the network lifetime. However, existing methods often fall short of achieving optimal network coverage due to inadequate sensor deployment. Additionally, the absence of clustering in certain models compromises the network capacity. To tackle these challenges, a new multi-level clustering technique with a heuristic optimization algorithm is proposed in this research work. A novel heuristic, the Modernized Pufferfish Optimization Algorithm (MPOA), is introduced to optimize WSN performance, drawing inspiration from the pufferfish's natural defense strategies. Initially, an enhanced multi-level K-means algorithm (MKA) is employed to cluster the nodes dynamically in response to evolving network conditions. Finally, an MPOA is suggested for selecting the most suitable Cluster Head (CH) by introducing a new random parameter to solve premature convergence and to obtain the global optimum solution. The test results show that the proposed strategy significantly improves the CH selection, increases the network lifetime by 12.5 % to 62.5 %, decreases the energy consumption by 16.5 % to 28.7 %, decreases the path loss by 16 % to 46 %, increases the number of alive nodes by 32.5 % to 55 %, increases the residual energy by 3.3 % to 77.7 %, decreases the cost function by 1.76 % to 4.42 %, and increases the normalized energy, compared to several benchmark techniques based on varying number of nodes and rounds.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590123025019073Wireless sensor networkMultilevel K-means algorithmModernized pufferfish optimization algorithmCluster head selectionNetwork lifetime optimization
spellingShingle Anjana Koyalil
Sivacoumar Rajalingam
Enhanced multi-level K-means clustering and cluster head selection using a modernized pufferfish optimization algorithm for lifetime maximization in wireless sensor networks
Results in Engineering
Wireless sensor network
Multilevel K-means algorithm
Modernized pufferfish optimization algorithm
Cluster head selection
Network lifetime optimization
title Enhanced multi-level K-means clustering and cluster head selection using a modernized pufferfish optimization algorithm for lifetime maximization in wireless sensor networks
title_full Enhanced multi-level K-means clustering and cluster head selection using a modernized pufferfish optimization algorithm for lifetime maximization in wireless sensor networks
title_fullStr Enhanced multi-level K-means clustering and cluster head selection using a modernized pufferfish optimization algorithm for lifetime maximization in wireless sensor networks
title_full_unstemmed Enhanced multi-level K-means clustering and cluster head selection using a modernized pufferfish optimization algorithm for lifetime maximization in wireless sensor networks
title_short Enhanced multi-level K-means clustering and cluster head selection using a modernized pufferfish optimization algorithm for lifetime maximization in wireless sensor networks
title_sort enhanced multi level k means clustering and cluster head selection using a modernized pufferfish optimization algorithm for lifetime maximization in wireless sensor networks
topic Wireless sensor network
Multilevel K-means algorithm
Modernized pufferfish optimization algorithm
Cluster head selection
Network lifetime optimization
url http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590123025019073
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