Oral and Gingival Crevicular Fluid Biomarkers for Jawbone Turnover Diseases: A Scoping Review

Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and oral fluid have emerged as promising diagnostic tools for detecting biomarkers. This review aimed to evaluate the existing literature on using oral fluids as a source of biomarkers for bone turnover diseases affecting the jawbone. A comprehensive search strategy w...

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Main Authors: Nurfatima Azzahra Fadli, Mariati Abdul Rahman, Saiful Anuar Karsani, Roszalina Ramli
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2024-09-01
Series:Diagnostics
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/14/19/2184
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author Nurfatima Azzahra Fadli
Mariati Abdul Rahman
Saiful Anuar Karsani
Roszalina Ramli
author_facet Nurfatima Azzahra Fadli
Mariati Abdul Rahman
Saiful Anuar Karsani
Roszalina Ramli
author_sort Nurfatima Azzahra Fadli
collection DOAJ
description Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and oral fluid have emerged as promising diagnostic tools for detecting biomarkers. This review aimed to evaluate the existing literature on using oral fluids as a source of biomarkers for bone turnover diseases affecting the jawbone. A comprehensive search strategy was executed between August 2014 and August 2024 across five major databases (Web of Science, EBSCOhost Dentistry & Oral Sciences Source, Cochrane Library, Scopus, and PubMed) and grey literature sources. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) was applied. The screening was facilitated using Rayyan at rayyan.ai and Endnote X20 software tools, culminating in the evaluation of 14,965 citations from databases and 34 from grey literature. Following rigorous scrutiny, 37 articles were selected for inclusion in this review, encompassing diseases such as periodontitis, medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ), and osteoporosis. The quality of the included observational studies was assessed using the Revised Risk of Bias Assessment Tool for Non-Randomized Studies (RoBANS 2). Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), sclerostin, osteoprotegerin (OPG), and interleukin-34 (IL-34) emerged as significant biomarkers in GCF, and they were mainly from periodontitis and osteoporosis. Osteocalcin (OC), IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), OPG, and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) were significant in oral fluid or saliva, and they were from periodontitis, MRONJ, and osteoporosis. These findings underscore the potential use of oral fluids, which are regarded as non-invasive tools for biomarker identification in bone turnover. Many biomarkers overlap, and it is important to identify other specific biomarkers to enable accurate diagnosis of these conditions.
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spelling doaj-art-b5571eafae01475db3e206bc89a0e7b92025-08-20T01:47:42ZengMDPI AGDiagnostics2075-44182024-09-011419218410.3390/diagnostics14192184Oral and Gingival Crevicular Fluid Biomarkers for Jawbone Turnover Diseases: A Scoping ReviewNurfatima Azzahra Fadli0Mariati Abdul Rahman1Saiful Anuar Karsani2Roszalina Ramli3Department of Craniofacial Diagnostics and Biosciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, MalaysiaDepartment of Craniofacial Diagnostics and Biosciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, MalaysiaInstitute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, MalaysiaDepartment of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 50300, MalaysiaGingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and oral fluid have emerged as promising diagnostic tools for detecting biomarkers. This review aimed to evaluate the existing literature on using oral fluids as a source of biomarkers for bone turnover diseases affecting the jawbone. A comprehensive search strategy was executed between August 2014 and August 2024 across five major databases (Web of Science, EBSCOhost Dentistry & Oral Sciences Source, Cochrane Library, Scopus, and PubMed) and grey literature sources. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) was applied. The screening was facilitated using Rayyan at rayyan.ai and Endnote X20 software tools, culminating in the evaluation of 14,965 citations from databases and 34 from grey literature. Following rigorous scrutiny, 37 articles were selected for inclusion in this review, encompassing diseases such as periodontitis, medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ), and osteoporosis. The quality of the included observational studies was assessed using the Revised Risk of Bias Assessment Tool for Non-Randomized Studies (RoBANS 2). Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), sclerostin, osteoprotegerin (OPG), and interleukin-34 (IL-34) emerged as significant biomarkers in GCF, and they were mainly from periodontitis and osteoporosis. Osteocalcin (OC), IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), OPG, and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) were significant in oral fluid or saliva, and they were from periodontitis, MRONJ, and osteoporosis. These findings underscore the potential use of oral fluids, which are regarded as non-invasive tools for biomarker identification in bone turnover. Many biomarkers overlap, and it is important to identify other specific biomarkers to enable accurate diagnosis of these conditions.https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/14/19/2184biomarkersbone turnover diseasesjawbonesoral fluidgingival crevicular fluidsaliva
spellingShingle Nurfatima Azzahra Fadli
Mariati Abdul Rahman
Saiful Anuar Karsani
Roszalina Ramli
Oral and Gingival Crevicular Fluid Biomarkers for Jawbone Turnover Diseases: A Scoping Review
Diagnostics
biomarkers
bone turnover diseases
jawbones
oral fluid
gingival crevicular fluid
saliva
title Oral and Gingival Crevicular Fluid Biomarkers for Jawbone Turnover Diseases: A Scoping Review
title_full Oral and Gingival Crevicular Fluid Biomarkers for Jawbone Turnover Diseases: A Scoping Review
title_fullStr Oral and Gingival Crevicular Fluid Biomarkers for Jawbone Turnover Diseases: A Scoping Review
title_full_unstemmed Oral and Gingival Crevicular Fluid Biomarkers for Jawbone Turnover Diseases: A Scoping Review
title_short Oral and Gingival Crevicular Fluid Biomarkers for Jawbone Turnover Diseases: A Scoping Review
title_sort oral and gingival crevicular fluid biomarkers for jawbone turnover diseases a scoping review
topic biomarkers
bone turnover diseases
jawbones
oral fluid
gingival crevicular fluid
saliva
url https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/14/19/2184
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AT saifulanuarkarsani oralandgingivalcrevicularfluidbiomarkersforjawboneturnoverdiseasesascopingreview
AT roszalinaramli oralandgingivalcrevicularfluidbiomarkersforjawboneturnoverdiseasesascopingreview