Microalgae and circular economy: unlocking waste to resource pathways for sustainable development

The growing environmental crises demands an urgent transition from a linear to a circular economy. Microalgae are photosynthetic microorganisms that offer exceptional potential due to their rapid growth, high CO₂ fixation capacity, and ability to remove nutrients and pollutants from wastewater, prod...

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Main Authors: Bruna Santos, Filomena Freitas, Abílio J.F.N. Sobral, Telma Encarnação
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Taylor & Francis Group 2025-12-01
Series:International Journal of Sustainable Engineering
Subjects:
Online Access:https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/19397038.2025.2501488
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author Bruna Santos
Filomena Freitas
Abílio J.F.N. Sobral
Telma Encarnação
author_facet Bruna Santos
Filomena Freitas
Abílio J.F.N. Sobral
Telma Encarnação
author_sort Bruna Santos
collection DOAJ
description The growing environmental crises demands an urgent transition from a linear to a circular economy. Microalgae are photosynthetic microorganisms that offer exceptional potential due to their rapid growth, high CO₂ fixation capacity, and ability to remove nutrients and pollutants from wastewater, producing both clean water and valuable biomass. Such characteristics have attracted interest in developing circular systems that transform wastes into resources such as biomaterials, biofertilisers, biofuels and bioactive compounds. However, various challenges hinder their industrial application, including technical, economic, environmental, commercial and political barriers. Technical limitations such as inefficient culture systems, low productivity and contamination risks, can be addressed by using genetic engineering tools to develop superior strains, and by developing bioreactors coupled with emerging technologies (AI, Digital Twin). Additionally, it was found that studies using wastewater for microalgae cultivation and a biorefinery approach to recover low and high value bioproducts were found to be energetically, environmentally and economically viable. Several projects and studies demonstrating microalgae-based circular economy models were highlighted. Finally, the implementation of clear regulations and guidelines for wastewater composition in microalgae systems is recommended to facilitate market acceptance and consumer trust in microalgae-derived products.
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1939-7046
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series International Journal of Sustainable Engineering
spelling doaj-art-b54b304dbf3a442b9d0ff3f900230e7e2025-08-20T02:24:51ZengTaylor & Francis GroupInternational Journal of Sustainable Engineering1939-70381939-70462025-12-0118110.1080/19397038.2025.2501488Microalgae and circular economy: unlocking waste to resource pathways for sustainable developmentBruna Santos0Filomena Freitas1Abílio J.F.N. Sobral2Telma Encarnação3Associate Laboratory i4HB – Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, Caparica, PortugalAssociate Laboratory i4HB – Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, Caparica, PortugalCQC, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, PortugalPTScience, Lisbon, PortugalThe growing environmental crises demands an urgent transition from a linear to a circular economy. Microalgae are photosynthetic microorganisms that offer exceptional potential due to their rapid growth, high CO₂ fixation capacity, and ability to remove nutrients and pollutants from wastewater, producing both clean water and valuable biomass. Such characteristics have attracted interest in developing circular systems that transform wastes into resources such as biomaterials, biofertilisers, biofuels and bioactive compounds. However, various challenges hinder their industrial application, including technical, economic, environmental, commercial and political barriers. Technical limitations such as inefficient culture systems, low productivity and contamination risks, can be addressed by using genetic engineering tools to develop superior strains, and by developing bioreactors coupled with emerging technologies (AI, Digital Twin). Additionally, it was found that studies using wastewater for microalgae cultivation and a biorefinery approach to recover low and high value bioproducts were found to be energetically, environmentally and economically viable. Several projects and studies demonstrating microalgae-based circular economy models were highlighted. Finally, the implementation of clear regulations and guidelines for wastewater composition in microalgae systems is recommended to facilitate market acceptance and consumer trust in microalgae-derived products.https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/19397038.2025.2501488Circular economymicroalgaebioremediationwaste-to-resource
spellingShingle Bruna Santos
Filomena Freitas
Abílio J.F.N. Sobral
Telma Encarnação
Microalgae and circular economy: unlocking waste to resource pathways for sustainable development
International Journal of Sustainable Engineering
Circular economy
microalgae
bioremediation
waste-to-resource
title Microalgae and circular economy: unlocking waste to resource pathways for sustainable development
title_full Microalgae and circular economy: unlocking waste to resource pathways for sustainable development
title_fullStr Microalgae and circular economy: unlocking waste to resource pathways for sustainable development
title_full_unstemmed Microalgae and circular economy: unlocking waste to resource pathways for sustainable development
title_short Microalgae and circular economy: unlocking waste to resource pathways for sustainable development
title_sort microalgae and circular economy unlocking waste to resource pathways for sustainable development
topic Circular economy
microalgae
bioremediation
waste-to-resource
url https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/19397038.2025.2501488
work_keys_str_mv AT brunasantos microalgaeandcirculareconomyunlockingwastetoresourcepathwaysforsustainabledevelopment
AT filomenafreitas microalgaeandcirculareconomyunlockingwastetoresourcepathwaysforsustainabledevelopment
AT abiliojfnsobral microalgaeandcirculareconomyunlockingwastetoresourcepathwaysforsustainabledevelopment
AT telmaencarnacao microalgaeandcirculareconomyunlockingwastetoresourcepathwaysforsustainabledevelopment