“New” Antigenic Targets and Methodological Approaches for Refining Laboratory Diagnosis of Antiphospholipid Syndrome

Antiphospholipid antibodies (aPLs) are a heterogeneous group of antibodies directed against phospholipids or protein/phospholipid complexes. Currently, aPLs are assessed using either “solid-phase” assays that identify anticardiolipin antibodies and anti-β2-glycoprotein I antibodies or “liquid-phase”...

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Main Authors: Roberta Misasi, Antonella Capozzi, Agostina Longo, Serena Recalchi, Emanuela Lococo, Cristiano Alessandri, Fabrizio Conti, Guido Valesini, Maurizio Sorice
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Wiley 2015-01-01
Series:Journal of Immunology Research
Online Access:http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/858542
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author Roberta Misasi
Antonella Capozzi
Agostina Longo
Serena Recalchi
Emanuela Lococo
Cristiano Alessandri
Fabrizio Conti
Guido Valesini
Maurizio Sorice
author_facet Roberta Misasi
Antonella Capozzi
Agostina Longo
Serena Recalchi
Emanuela Lococo
Cristiano Alessandri
Fabrizio Conti
Guido Valesini
Maurizio Sorice
author_sort Roberta Misasi
collection DOAJ
description Antiphospholipid antibodies (aPLs) are a heterogeneous group of antibodies directed against phospholipids or protein/phospholipid complexes. Currently, aPLs are assessed using either “solid-phase” assays that identify anticardiolipin antibodies and anti-β2-glycoprotein I antibodies or “liquid-phase” assay that identifies lupus anticoagulant. However, in the last few years, “new” antigenic targets and methodological approaches have been employed for refining laboratory diagnosis of antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). In this review the potential diagnostic value of antibodies to domains of β2-GPI, prothrombin/phosphatidylserine, vimentin/cardiolipin, protein S, protein C, annexin A2, annexin A5, and phospholipid antigens is discussed. Moreover, new technical approaches, including chemiluminescence, multiline dot assay, and thin layer chromatography (TLC) immunostaining, which utilize different supports for detection of aPL, have been developed. A special focus has been dedicated on “seronegative” APS, that is, those patients with a clinical profile suggestive of APS (thromboses, recurrent miscarriages, or foetal loss), who are persistently negative for the routinely used aPL. Recent findings suggest that, in sera from patients with SN-APS, antibodies may be detected using “new” antigenic targets (mainly vimentin/cardiolipin) or methodological approaches different from traditional techniques (TLC immunostaining). Thus, APS represents a mosaic, in which antibodies against different antigenic targets may be detected thanks to the continuously evolving new technologies.
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spelling doaj-art-b52cc81fa990415a990d0b2f19be692e2025-08-20T02:23:30ZengWileyJournal of Immunology Research2314-88612314-71562015-01-01201510.1155/2015/858542858542“New” Antigenic Targets and Methodological Approaches for Refining Laboratory Diagnosis of Antiphospholipid SyndromeRoberta Misasi0Antonella Capozzi1Agostina Longo2Serena Recalchi3Emanuela Lococo4Cristiano Alessandri5Fabrizio Conti6Guido Valesini7Maurizio Sorice8Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Sapienza Università di Roma, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Roma, ItalyDipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Sapienza Università di Roma, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Roma, ItalyDipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Sapienza Università di Roma, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Roma, ItalyDipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Sapienza Università di Roma, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Roma, ItalyDipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Sapienza Università di Roma, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Roma, ItalyDipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, Reumatologia, Sapienza Università di Roma, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Roma, ItalyDipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, Reumatologia, Sapienza Università di Roma, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Roma, ItalyDipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, Reumatologia, Sapienza Università di Roma, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Roma, ItalyDipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Sapienza Università di Roma, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Roma, ItalyAntiphospholipid antibodies (aPLs) are a heterogeneous group of antibodies directed against phospholipids or protein/phospholipid complexes. Currently, aPLs are assessed using either “solid-phase” assays that identify anticardiolipin antibodies and anti-β2-glycoprotein I antibodies or “liquid-phase” assay that identifies lupus anticoagulant. However, in the last few years, “new” antigenic targets and methodological approaches have been employed for refining laboratory diagnosis of antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). In this review the potential diagnostic value of antibodies to domains of β2-GPI, prothrombin/phosphatidylserine, vimentin/cardiolipin, protein S, protein C, annexin A2, annexin A5, and phospholipid antigens is discussed. Moreover, new technical approaches, including chemiluminescence, multiline dot assay, and thin layer chromatography (TLC) immunostaining, which utilize different supports for detection of aPL, have been developed. A special focus has been dedicated on “seronegative” APS, that is, those patients with a clinical profile suggestive of APS (thromboses, recurrent miscarriages, or foetal loss), who are persistently negative for the routinely used aPL. Recent findings suggest that, in sera from patients with SN-APS, antibodies may be detected using “new” antigenic targets (mainly vimentin/cardiolipin) or methodological approaches different from traditional techniques (TLC immunostaining). Thus, APS represents a mosaic, in which antibodies against different antigenic targets may be detected thanks to the continuously evolving new technologies.http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/858542
spellingShingle Roberta Misasi
Antonella Capozzi
Agostina Longo
Serena Recalchi
Emanuela Lococo
Cristiano Alessandri
Fabrizio Conti
Guido Valesini
Maurizio Sorice
“New” Antigenic Targets and Methodological Approaches for Refining Laboratory Diagnosis of Antiphospholipid Syndrome
Journal of Immunology Research
title “New” Antigenic Targets and Methodological Approaches for Refining Laboratory Diagnosis of Antiphospholipid Syndrome
title_full “New” Antigenic Targets and Methodological Approaches for Refining Laboratory Diagnosis of Antiphospholipid Syndrome
title_fullStr “New” Antigenic Targets and Methodological Approaches for Refining Laboratory Diagnosis of Antiphospholipid Syndrome
title_full_unstemmed “New” Antigenic Targets and Methodological Approaches for Refining Laboratory Diagnosis of Antiphospholipid Syndrome
title_short “New” Antigenic Targets and Methodological Approaches for Refining Laboratory Diagnosis of Antiphospholipid Syndrome
title_sort new antigenic targets and methodological approaches for refining laboratory diagnosis of antiphospholipid syndrome
url http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/858542
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