The toxicity comparison of metformin and its degradant guanylurea through multi-routes exposure experiments using algae and rotifer
Metformin (MET) and its metabolite guanylurea (GUA) are prevalent in aquatic environments, raising concerns about their potential risks to aquatic organisms. However, the toxicity of these compounds through different exposure routes has not been reported. This study evaluated the effects of MET and...
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| Language: | English |
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Elsevier
2025-07-01
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| Series: | Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0147651325006876 |
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| author | Fan Gao Lingyun Zhu Fan Zhang Meng Li Hairong Lian Sen Feng Xinfeng Cheng Xianling Xiang |
| author_facet | Fan Gao Lingyun Zhu Fan Zhang Meng Li Hairong Lian Sen Feng Xinfeng Cheng Xianling Xiang |
| author_sort | Fan Gao |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Metformin (MET) and its metabolite guanylurea (GUA) are prevalent in aquatic environments, raising concerns about their potential risks to aquatic organisms. However, the toxicity of these compounds through different exposure routes has not been reported. This study evaluated the effects of MET and GUA on the growth of the green algae Tetradesmus obliquus and on life table parameters of the freshwater rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus through various exposure routes, including waterborne, foodborne, and combined waterborne + foodborne. Our results indicated that both MET and GUA, at concentrations of 1 mg/L and 100 mg/L, inhibited algae growth, with GUA causing greater stress than MET. Additionally, compared to waterborne exposure, foodborne and combined waterborne + foodborne exposures of MET and GUA at these concentrations significantly decreased the net reproductive rate (R0), intrinsic rate of population increase (rm), and life expectancy (e0) of B. calyciflorus. Notably, the impact of exposure routes on the life table parameters of B. calyciflorus was generally greater than the impact of exposure concentrations. Therefore, previous studies focusing solely on waterborne exposure may have underestimated the toxicity of MET and GUA. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-b5063efabaed4daa8aa958183530df4c |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 0147-6513 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-07-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety |
| spelling | doaj-art-b5063efabaed4daa8aa958183530df4c2025-08-20T02:32:26ZengElsevierEcotoxicology and Environmental Safety0147-65132025-07-0129911835110.1016/j.ecoenv.2025.118351The toxicity comparison of metformin and its degradant guanylurea through multi-routes exposure experiments using algae and rotiferFan Gao0Lingyun Zhu1Fan Zhang2Meng Li3Hairong Lian4Sen Feng5Xinfeng Cheng6Xianling Xiang7School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, ChinaSchool of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, ChinaSchool of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, ChinaSchool of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, ChinaSchool of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, ChinaSchool of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, ChinaSchool of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Recovery and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Wanjiang Basin Co-Founded by Anhui Province and Ministry of Education, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, ChinaSchool of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Recovery and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Wanjiang Basin Co-Founded by Anhui Province and Ministry of Education, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, China; Corresponding author at: School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, China.Metformin (MET) and its metabolite guanylurea (GUA) are prevalent in aquatic environments, raising concerns about their potential risks to aquatic organisms. However, the toxicity of these compounds through different exposure routes has not been reported. This study evaluated the effects of MET and GUA on the growth of the green algae Tetradesmus obliquus and on life table parameters of the freshwater rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus through various exposure routes, including waterborne, foodborne, and combined waterborne + foodborne. Our results indicated that both MET and GUA, at concentrations of 1 mg/L and 100 mg/L, inhibited algae growth, with GUA causing greater stress than MET. Additionally, compared to waterborne exposure, foodborne and combined waterborne + foodborne exposures of MET and GUA at these concentrations significantly decreased the net reproductive rate (R0), intrinsic rate of population increase (rm), and life expectancy (e0) of B. calyciflorus. Notably, the impact of exposure routes on the life table parameters of B. calyciflorus was generally greater than the impact of exposure concentrations. Therefore, previous studies focusing solely on waterborne exposure may have underestimated the toxicity of MET and GUA.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0147651325006876MetforminGuanylureaFoodborneWaterborneRotifer |
| spellingShingle | Fan Gao Lingyun Zhu Fan Zhang Meng Li Hairong Lian Sen Feng Xinfeng Cheng Xianling Xiang The toxicity comparison of metformin and its degradant guanylurea through multi-routes exposure experiments using algae and rotifer Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety Metformin Guanylurea Foodborne Waterborne Rotifer |
| title | The toxicity comparison of metformin and its degradant guanylurea through multi-routes exposure experiments using algae and rotifer |
| title_full | The toxicity comparison of metformin and its degradant guanylurea through multi-routes exposure experiments using algae and rotifer |
| title_fullStr | The toxicity comparison of metformin and its degradant guanylurea through multi-routes exposure experiments using algae and rotifer |
| title_full_unstemmed | The toxicity comparison of metformin and its degradant guanylurea through multi-routes exposure experiments using algae and rotifer |
| title_short | The toxicity comparison of metformin and its degradant guanylurea through multi-routes exposure experiments using algae and rotifer |
| title_sort | toxicity comparison of metformin and its degradant guanylurea through multi routes exposure experiments using algae and rotifer |
| topic | Metformin Guanylurea Foodborne Waterborne Rotifer |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0147651325006876 |
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