Regulation of mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes on helper T cells in periodontitis
T helper cells (Th cells) play an important role in periodontitis. During the progression of periodontitis, the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as INF-γ and IL-17, which are produced by Th1 and Th17 cells, are elevated, while the levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-4 and TGF-β...
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| Language: | zho |
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Editorial Department of Journal of Prevention and Treatment for Stomatological Diseases
2025-05-01
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| Series: | 口腔疾病防治 |
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| Online Access: | https://www.kqjbfz.com/fileup/2096-1456/PDF/2096-1456（2025）05-0409-08.pdf |
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| author | WEN Yuqi, GUO Shujuan, DING Yi |
| author_facet | WEN Yuqi, GUO Shujuan, DING Yi |
| author_sort | WEN Yuqi, GUO Shujuan, DING Yi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | T helper cells (Th cells) play an important role in periodontitis. During the progression of periodontitis, the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as INF-γ and IL-17, which are produced by Th1 and Th17 cells, are elevated, while the levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-4 and TGF-β, which are secreted by Th2 cells and regulatory T cells (Tregs), are diminished. Interventions using mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) or their exosomes can alter the dynamics of helper T cell populations and their associated cytokine profiles, thereby mitigating the bone loss associated with periodontitis or even promoting bone regeneration. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes (MSC-exos) have been shown to directly modulate Th cell activity through the proteins and microRNAs they transport. Recent studies indicate that MSC-exos carry immune-suppressive protein molecules: PD-L1 and IDO contribute to regulating the balance between Th17 and Tregs; TGF-β inhibits the proliferation of T lymphocytes while facilitating differentiation into Tregs by sustaining forkhead box protein O3 (FOXP3) and Smad expression; and CD73 catalyzes the conversion of monophosphate adenosine into adenosine, which interacts with A2A receptors on Th1 cells to induce apoptosis in Th1 cells. In addition, microRNAs exhibit immunoregulatory functions: periodontal ligament stem cell-derived exosomes contain miRNA-155-5p, which targets sirtuin-1 to suppress Th17 cell differentiation. Furthermore, evidence in rat models of periodontitis suggests that these exosomes may also carry miR-205-5p targeting XBP1 to restore the balance between Th17 and Tregs. Dental pulp stem cell-derived exosomes reestablish this balance via the miR-1246/Nfat5 axis. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes harbor miR-1246, which targets ACE2 to promote differentiation towards Tregs. Moreover, MSC-exos can indirectly enhance the differentiation of Tregs through interactions with other immune entities, such as antigen-presenting cells or macrophages. This article reviews the changes and roles of helper T cells in periodontitis, as well as the regulatory role of exosomes on helper T cells, hoping to provide new ideas for immunotherapy in the treatment of periodontitis. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-b4f3ae1f08b9441188aa2c8af78ee5e0 |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2096-1456 |
| language | zho |
| publishDate | 2025-05-01 |
| publisher | Editorial Department of Journal of Prevention and Treatment for Stomatological Diseases |
| record_format | Article |
| series | 口腔疾病防治 |
| spelling | doaj-art-b4f3ae1f08b9441188aa2c8af78ee5e02025-08-20T02:29:30ZzhoEditorial Department of Journal of Prevention and Treatment for Stomatological Diseases口腔疾病防治2096-14562025-05-0133540941610.12016/j.issn.2096-1456.202440305Regulation of mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes on helper T cells in periodontitisWEN Yuqi, GUO Shujuan, DING Yi0State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Frontier Innovation Center for Dental Medcine Plus & Department of Periodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, ChinaT helper cells (Th cells) play an important role in periodontitis. During the progression of periodontitis, the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as INF-γ and IL-17, which are produced by Th1 and Th17 cells, are elevated, while the levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-4 and TGF-β, which are secreted by Th2 cells and regulatory T cells (Tregs), are diminished. Interventions using mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) or their exosomes can alter the dynamics of helper T cell populations and their associated cytokine profiles, thereby mitigating the bone loss associated with periodontitis or even promoting bone regeneration. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes (MSC-exos) have been shown to directly modulate Th cell activity through the proteins and microRNAs they transport. Recent studies indicate that MSC-exos carry immune-suppressive protein molecules: PD-L1 and IDO contribute to regulating the balance between Th17 and Tregs; TGF-β inhibits the proliferation of T lymphocytes while facilitating differentiation into Tregs by sustaining forkhead box protein O3 (FOXP3) and Smad expression; and CD73 catalyzes the conversion of monophosphate adenosine into adenosine, which interacts with A2A receptors on Th1 cells to induce apoptosis in Th1 cells. In addition, microRNAs exhibit immunoregulatory functions: periodontal ligament stem cell-derived exosomes contain miRNA-155-5p, which targets sirtuin-1 to suppress Th17 cell differentiation. Furthermore, evidence in rat models of periodontitis suggests that these exosomes may also carry miR-205-5p targeting XBP1 to restore the balance between Th17 and Tregs. Dental pulp stem cell-derived exosomes reestablish this balance via the miR-1246/Nfat5 axis. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes harbor miR-1246, which targets ACE2 to promote differentiation towards Tregs. Moreover, MSC-exos can indirectly enhance the differentiation of Tregs through interactions with other immune entities, such as antigen-presenting cells or macrophages. This article reviews the changes and roles of helper T cells in periodontitis, as well as the regulatory role of exosomes on helper T cells, hoping to provide new ideas for immunotherapy in the treatment of periodontitis.https://www.kqjbfz.com/fileup/2096-1456/PDF/2096-1456（2025）05-0409-08.pdfperiodontitis|t helper cells|cytokines|transcription factors|mesenchymal stem cells|exosomes|immunomodulation|micrornas |
| spellingShingle | WEN Yuqi, GUO Shujuan, DING Yi Regulation of mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes on helper T cells in periodontitis 口腔疾病防治 periodontitis|t helper cells|cytokines|transcription factors|mesenchymal stem cells|exosomes|immunomodulation|micrornas |
| title | Regulation of mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes on helper T cells in periodontitis |
| title_full | Regulation of mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes on helper T cells in periodontitis |
| title_fullStr | Regulation of mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes on helper T cells in periodontitis |
| title_full_unstemmed | Regulation of mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes on helper T cells in periodontitis |
| title_short | Regulation of mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes on helper T cells in periodontitis |
| title_sort | regulation of mesenchymal stem cell derived exosomes on helper t cells in periodontitis |
| topic | periodontitis|t helper cells|cytokines|transcription factors|mesenchymal stem cells|exosomes|immunomodulation|micrornas |
| url | https://www.kqjbfz.com/fileup/2096-1456/PDF/2096-1456（2025）05-0409-08.pdf |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT wenyuqiguoshujuandingyi regulationofmesenchymalstemcellderivedexosomesonhelpertcellsinperiodontitis |