Neuroplasticity and the microbiome: how microorganisms influence brain change

Neuroplasticity, the brain's ability to reorganize and adapt, has traditionally been attributed to external stimuli, learning, and experience. However, emerging research highlights the gut microbiota as a key modulator of neuroplasticity through the gut-brain axis. This review examines the mech...

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Main Authors: Abdullah Al Noman, Abdulrahman Mohammed Alhudhaibi, Moushumi Afroza, Susmita Deb Tonni, Habibul Mohsin Shehab, Nusrat Jahan Iba, Tarek H. Taha, Emad M. Abdallah
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Frontiers Media S.A. 2025-08-01
Series:Frontiers in Microbiology
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Online Access:https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2025.1629349/full
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author Abdullah Al Noman
Abdulrahman Mohammed Alhudhaibi
Moushumi Afroza
Susmita Deb Tonni
Habibul Mohsin Shehab
Nusrat Jahan Iba
Tarek H. Taha
Emad M. Abdallah
author_facet Abdullah Al Noman
Abdulrahman Mohammed Alhudhaibi
Moushumi Afroza
Susmita Deb Tonni
Habibul Mohsin Shehab
Nusrat Jahan Iba
Tarek H. Taha
Emad M. Abdallah
author_sort Abdullah Al Noman
collection DOAJ
description Neuroplasticity, the brain's ability to reorganize and adapt, has traditionally been attributed to external stimuli, learning, and experience. However, emerging research highlights the gut microbiota as a key modulator of neuroplasticity through the gut-brain axis. This review examines the mechanisms by which intestinal microorganisms influence brain function, including microbial metabolite production, immune system modulation, neurotransmitter synthesis, and hormonal regulation. Dysbiosis, or microbial imbalance, has been linked to neurodevelopmental disorders, major depressive disorder (MDD), and cognitive impairments, emphasizing the microbiome's role in psychiatric and neurological health. Animal and human studies suggest that microbiota-targeted interventions, such as probiotics, prebiotics, and dietary modifications, may enhance neuroplasticity and mitigate mental health disorders. Future research should focus on understanding direct microbial-neuronal interactions and developing personalized microbiome-based therapies. This study underscores the gut microbiota's potential as a novel target for improving brain plasticity and mental health outcomes.
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institution Kabale University
issn 1664-302X
language English
publishDate 2025-08-01
publisher Frontiers Media S.A.
record_format Article
series Frontiers in Microbiology
spelling doaj-art-b45806cedb644d358f2d6bc9a710b6822025-08-20T05:33:05ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Microbiology1664-302X2025-08-011610.3389/fmicb.2025.16293491629349Neuroplasticity and the microbiome: how microorganisms influence brain changeAbdullah Al Noman0Abdulrahman Mohammed Alhudhaibi1Moushumi Afroza2Susmita Deb Tonni3Habibul Mohsin Shehab4Nusrat Jahan Iba5Tarek H. Taha6Emad M. Abdallah7School of Pharmacy, BRAC University, Dhaka, BangladeshDepartment of Biology, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU) Riyadh, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Biological Science, St. John's University, Queens, NY, United StatesSchool of Pharmacy, BRAC University, Dhaka, BangladeshSchool of Pharmacy, BRAC University, Dhaka, BangladeshDepartment of Pharmacy, State University of Bangladesh, Dhaka, BangladeshDepartment of Biology, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU) Riyadh, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Biology, College of Science, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi ArabiaNeuroplasticity, the brain's ability to reorganize and adapt, has traditionally been attributed to external stimuli, learning, and experience. However, emerging research highlights the gut microbiota as a key modulator of neuroplasticity through the gut-brain axis. This review examines the mechanisms by which intestinal microorganisms influence brain function, including microbial metabolite production, immune system modulation, neurotransmitter synthesis, and hormonal regulation. Dysbiosis, or microbial imbalance, has been linked to neurodevelopmental disorders, major depressive disorder (MDD), and cognitive impairments, emphasizing the microbiome's role in psychiatric and neurological health. Animal and human studies suggest that microbiota-targeted interventions, such as probiotics, prebiotics, and dietary modifications, may enhance neuroplasticity and mitigate mental health disorders. Future research should focus on understanding direct microbial-neuronal interactions and developing personalized microbiome-based therapies. This study underscores the gut microbiota's potential as a novel target for improving brain plasticity and mental health outcomes.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2025.1629349/fullneuroplasticitygut-brain axismicrobiotacognitive functionhealth
spellingShingle Abdullah Al Noman
Abdulrahman Mohammed Alhudhaibi
Moushumi Afroza
Susmita Deb Tonni
Habibul Mohsin Shehab
Nusrat Jahan Iba
Tarek H. Taha
Emad M. Abdallah
Neuroplasticity and the microbiome: how microorganisms influence brain change
Frontiers in Microbiology
neuroplasticity
gut-brain axis
microbiota
cognitive function
health
title Neuroplasticity and the microbiome: how microorganisms influence brain change
title_full Neuroplasticity and the microbiome: how microorganisms influence brain change
title_fullStr Neuroplasticity and the microbiome: how microorganisms influence brain change
title_full_unstemmed Neuroplasticity and the microbiome: how microorganisms influence brain change
title_short Neuroplasticity and the microbiome: how microorganisms influence brain change
title_sort neuroplasticity and the microbiome how microorganisms influence brain change
topic neuroplasticity
gut-brain axis
microbiota
cognitive function
health
url https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2025.1629349/full
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