Oak-YOLO: A high-performance detection model for automated Oak seed defect identification.

Oak seeds are highly susceptible to pest infestations due to their elevated starch content, which significantly impairs germination and subsequent growth. To address this challenge, we developed a high-resolution imaging system and proposed an improved YOLO-based model named Oak-YOLO for efficient a...

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Main Authors: Hao Li, Zhuqi Li, Dongkui Chen, Wangyu Wu, Xuanlong He, Hongbo Mu
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2025-01-01
Series:PLoS ONE
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0327371
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author Hao Li
Zhuqi Li
Dongkui Chen
Wangyu Wu
Xuanlong He
Hongbo Mu
author_facet Hao Li
Zhuqi Li
Dongkui Chen
Wangyu Wu
Xuanlong He
Hongbo Mu
author_sort Hao Li
collection DOAJ
description Oak seeds are highly susceptible to pest infestations due to their elevated starch content, which significantly impairs germination and subsequent growth. To address this challenge, we developed a high-resolution imaging system and proposed an improved YOLO-based model named Oak-YOLO for efficient and accurate defect detection in oak seeds. The proposed model enhances the YOLOv8 architecture by incorporating EfficientViT as the backbone to improve global feature extraction, and integrates a Ghost-DynamicConv detection head to enhance the representation of small and irregular defects such as insect holes and cracks. Additionally, the WIoUv3 loss function is introduced to optimize bounding box regression for complex target shapes and overlapping instances.Extensive experiments were conducted on both single-object and multi-object datasets. Oak-YOLO achieved a mAP50 of 94.5%, an F1-score of 95.3%, and a precision of 94.% on the oak-intensive dataset, with an inference speed of 132.2 FPS. Cross-device validation using mobile-captured images further demonstrated the model's robustness, achieving mAP50 scores of 94.7% and 93.8% on different smartphone test sets. Comparative evaluations show that Oak-YOLO outperforms existing YOLO models, including YOLOv9 to YOLOv12, by delivering a favorable trade-off between detection accuracy and computational efficiency. These results highlight the potential of Oak-YOLO as a practical solution for real-time seed quality inspection in forestry applications.
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institution Kabale University
issn 1932-6203
language English
publishDate 2025-01-01
publisher Public Library of Science (PLoS)
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spelling doaj-art-b3dca6d9b36b454f8eda243067bb95932025-08-23T05:31:51ZengPublic Library of Science (PLoS)PLoS ONE1932-62032025-01-01208e032737110.1371/journal.pone.0327371Oak-YOLO: A high-performance detection model for automated Oak seed defect identification.Hao LiZhuqi LiDongkui ChenWangyu WuXuanlong HeHongbo MuOak seeds are highly susceptible to pest infestations due to their elevated starch content, which significantly impairs germination and subsequent growth. To address this challenge, we developed a high-resolution imaging system and proposed an improved YOLO-based model named Oak-YOLO for efficient and accurate defect detection in oak seeds. The proposed model enhances the YOLOv8 architecture by incorporating EfficientViT as the backbone to improve global feature extraction, and integrates a Ghost-DynamicConv detection head to enhance the representation of small and irregular defects such as insect holes and cracks. Additionally, the WIoUv3 loss function is introduced to optimize bounding box regression for complex target shapes and overlapping instances.Extensive experiments were conducted on both single-object and multi-object datasets. Oak-YOLO achieved a mAP50 of 94.5%, an F1-score of 95.3%, and a precision of 94.% on the oak-intensive dataset, with an inference speed of 132.2 FPS. Cross-device validation using mobile-captured images further demonstrated the model's robustness, achieving mAP50 scores of 94.7% and 93.8% on different smartphone test sets. Comparative evaluations show that Oak-YOLO outperforms existing YOLO models, including YOLOv9 to YOLOv12, by delivering a favorable trade-off between detection accuracy and computational efficiency. These results highlight the potential of Oak-YOLO as a practical solution for real-time seed quality inspection in forestry applications.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0327371
spellingShingle Hao Li
Zhuqi Li
Dongkui Chen
Wangyu Wu
Xuanlong He
Hongbo Mu
Oak-YOLO: A high-performance detection model for automated Oak seed defect identification.
PLoS ONE
title Oak-YOLO: A high-performance detection model for automated Oak seed defect identification.
title_full Oak-YOLO: A high-performance detection model for automated Oak seed defect identification.
title_fullStr Oak-YOLO: A high-performance detection model for automated Oak seed defect identification.
title_full_unstemmed Oak-YOLO: A high-performance detection model for automated Oak seed defect identification.
title_short Oak-YOLO: A high-performance detection model for automated Oak seed defect identification.
title_sort oak yolo a high performance detection model for automated oak seed defect identification
url https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0327371
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