Noise Reduction in LED-Based Photoacoustic Imaging
Photoacoustic tomography (PAT), also known as optoacoustic tomography, has been emerging as a biomedical imaging modality that can provide cross-sectional or three-dimensional (3D) visualization of biological tissues such as blood vessels and lymphatic vessels in vivo at high resolution. The princip...
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MDPI AG
2025-04-01
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| author | Takahiro Kono Kazuma Hashimoto Keisuke Fukuda Uma Maheswari Rajagopalan Kae Nakamura Jun Yamada |
| author_facet | Takahiro Kono Kazuma Hashimoto Keisuke Fukuda Uma Maheswari Rajagopalan Kae Nakamura Jun Yamada |
| author_sort | Takahiro Kono |
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| description | Photoacoustic tomography (PAT), also known as optoacoustic tomography, has been emerging as a biomedical imaging modality that can provide cross-sectional or three-dimensional (3D) visualization of biological tissues such as blood vessels and lymphatic vessels in vivo at high resolution. The principle behind the visualization involves the light being absorbed by the tissues which results in the generation of ultrasound. Depending on the strength of ultrasound and its decay rate, it could be used to visualize the absorber location. In general, pulsed lasers such as the Q-switched Nd-YAG and OPO lasers that provide high-energy widths in the range of a few nanoseconds operating at low repetition rates are commonly used as a light source in photoacoustic imaging. However, such lasers are expensive and occupy ample space. Therefore, PAT systems that use LED as the source instead of lasers, which have the advantage of being obtainable at low cost and portable, are gaining attention. However, LED light sources have significantly low energy, and the photoacoustic signals generated have a low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Therefore, in LED-based systems, one way to strengthen the signal and improve the SNR is to significantly increase the repetition rate of LED pulses and use signal processing, which can be achieved using a high-power LED along M-sequence signal decoding. M-sequence signal decoding is effective, especially under high repetition rates, thus improving the SNR. However, power supplies for high-power LEDs have a circuit jitter, resulting in random temporal fluctuations in the emitted light. Such jitters, in turn, would affect the M-sequence-based signal decoding. Therefore, we propose a new decoding algorithm which compensates for LED jitter in the M-sequence signal processing. We show that the proposed new signal processing method can significantly improve the SNR of the photoacoustic signals. |
| format | Article |
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| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2304-6732 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Photonics |
| spelling | doaj-art-b3beb2fcd2a342e3b7e78675a60de2572025-08-20T03:13:55ZengMDPI AGPhotonics2304-67322025-04-0112439810.3390/photonics12040398Noise Reduction in LED-Based Photoacoustic ImagingTakahiro Kono0Kazuma Hashimoto1Keisuke Fukuda2Uma Maheswari Rajagopalan3Kae Nakamura4Jun Yamada5Faculty of Systems Design, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 6-6 Asahigaoka, Hino 191-0065, Tokyo, JapanDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Shibaura Institute of Technology, 3-7-5 Toyosu, Koto-ku 135-8548, Tokyo, JapanDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Shibaura Institute of Technology, 3-7-5 Toyosu, Koto-ku 135-8548, Tokyo, JapanDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Shibaura Institute of Technology, 3-7-5 Toyosu, Koto-ku 135-8548, Tokyo, JapanDepartment of Precision Machinery Engineering, College of Science and Technology, Nihon University, 7-24-1 Narashinodai, Funabashi-shi 274-8501, Chiba, JapanDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Shibaura Institute of Technology, 3-7-5 Toyosu, Koto-ku 135-8548, Tokyo, JapanPhotoacoustic tomography (PAT), also known as optoacoustic tomography, has been emerging as a biomedical imaging modality that can provide cross-sectional or three-dimensional (3D) visualization of biological tissues such as blood vessels and lymphatic vessels in vivo at high resolution. The principle behind the visualization involves the light being absorbed by the tissues which results in the generation of ultrasound. Depending on the strength of ultrasound and its decay rate, it could be used to visualize the absorber location. In general, pulsed lasers such as the Q-switched Nd-YAG and OPO lasers that provide high-energy widths in the range of a few nanoseconds operating at low repetition rates are commonly used as a light source in photoacoustic imaging. However, such lasers are expensive and occupy ample space. Therefore, PAT systems that use LED as the source instead of lasers, which have the advantage of being obtainable at low cost and portable, are gaining attention. However, LED light sources have significantly low energy, and the photoacoustic signals generated have a low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Therefore, in LED-based systems, one way to strengthen the signal and improve the SNR is to significantly increase the repetition rate of LED pulses and use signal processing, which can be achieved using a high-power LED along M-sequence signal decoding. M-sequence signal decoding is effective, especially under high repetition rates, thus improving the SNR. However, power supplies for high-power LEDs have a circuit jitter, resulting in random temporal fluctuations in the emitted light. Such jitters, in turn, would affect the M-sequence-based signal decoding. Therefore, we propose a new decoding algorithm which compensates for LED jitter in the M-sequence signal processing. We show that the proposed new signal processing method can significantly improve the SNR of the photoacoustic signals.https://www.mdpi.com/2304-6732/12/4/398photoacoustic imagingLEDnoise reductionM-sequence |
| spellingShingle | Takahiro Kono Kazuma Hashimoto Keisuke Fukuda Uma Maheswari Rajagopalan Kae Nakamura Jun Yamada Noise Reduction in LED-Based Photoacoustic Imaging Photonics photoacoustic imaging LED noise reduction M-sequence |
| title | Noise Reduction in LED-Based Photoacoustic Imaging |
| title_full | Noise Reduction in LED-Based Photoacoustic Imaging |
| title_fullStr | Noise Reduction in LED-Based Photoacoustic Imaging |
| title_full_unstemmed | Noise Reduction in LED-Based Photoacoustic Imaging |
| title_short | Noise Reduction in LED-Based Photoacoustic Imaging |
| title_sort | noise reduction in led based photoacoustic imaging |
| topic | photoacoustic imaging LED noise reduction M-sequence |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2304-6732/12/4/398 |
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