Acoustic Wave Propagation Characteristics of Maize Seed and Surrounding Region with the Double Media of Seed–Soil
When monitoring seed positions in soil using ultrasonic waves, the main challenge is obtaining acoustic wave characteristics at the seed locations. This study developed a three-dimensional ultrasonic model with the double media of seed–soil using the discrete element method to visualize signal varia...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2025-07-01
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| Series: | Agriculture |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/15/14/1540 |
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| _version_ | 1849714322785173504 |
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| author | Yadong Li Caiyun Lu Hongwen Li Jin He Zhinan Wang Chengkun Zhai |
| author_facet | Yadong Li Caiyun Lu Hongwen Li Jin He Zhinan Wang Chengkun Zhai |
| author_sort | Yadong Li |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | When monitoring seed positions in soil using ultrasonic waves, the main challenge is obtaining acoustic wave characteristics at the seed locations. This study developed a three-dimensional ultrasonic model with the double media of seed–soil using the discrete element method to visualize signal variations and analyze propagation characteristics. The effects of the compression ratio (0/6/12%), excitation frequency (20/40/60 kHz), and amplitude (5/10/15 μm) on signal variation and attenuation were analyzed. The results show consistent trends: time/frequency domain signal intensity increased with a higher compression ratio and amplitude but decreased with frequency. Comparing ultrasonic signals at soil particles before and after the seed along the propagation path shows that the seed significantly absorbs and attenuates ultrasonic waves. Time domain intensity drops 93.99%, and first and residual wave frequency peaks decrease by 88.06% and 96.39%, respectively. Additionally, comparing ultrasonic propagation velocities in the double media of seed–soil and the single soil medium reveals that the velocity in the seed is significantly higher than that in the soil. At compression ratios of 0%, 6%, and 12%, the sound velocity in the seed is 990.47%, 562.72%, and 431.34% of that in the soil, respectively. These findings help distinguish seed presence and provide a basis for ultrasonic seed position monitoring after sowing. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-b3413d47bb514ad6b67ebf8bd7d51edc |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2077-0472 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Agriculture |
| spelling | doaj-art-b3413d47bb514ad6b67ebf8bd7d51edc2025-08-20T03:13:44ZengMDPI AGAgriculture2077-04722025-07-011514154010.3390/agriculture15141540Acoustic Wave Propagation Characteristics of Maize Seed and Surrounding Region with the Double Media of Seed–SoilYadong Li0Caiyun Lu1Hongwen Li2Jin He3Zhinan Wang4Chengkun Zhai5College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, ChinaCollege of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, ChinaCollege of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, ChinaCollege of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, ChinaCollege of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, ChinaCollege of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, ChinaWhen monitoring seed positions in soil using ultrasonic waves, the main challenge is obtaining acoustic wave characteristics at the seed locations. This study developed a three-dimensional ultrasonic model with the double media of seed–soil using the discrete element method to visualize signal variations and analyze propagation characteristics. The effects of the compression ratio (0/6/12%), excitation frequency (20/40/60 kHz), and amplitude (5/10/15 μm) on signal variation and attenuation were analyzed. The results show consistent trends: time/frequency domain signal intensity increased with a higher compression ratio and amplitude but decreased with frequency. Comparing ultrasonic signals at soil particles before and after the seed along the propagation path shows that the seed significantly absorbs and attenuates ultrasonic waves. Time domain intensity drops 93.99%, and first and residual wave frequency peaks decrease by 88.06% and 96.39%, respectively. Additionally, comparing ultrasonic propagation velocities in the double media of seed–soil and the single soil medium reveals that the velocity in the seed is significantly higher than that in the soil. At compression ratios of 0%, 6%, and 12%, the sound velocity in the seed is 990.47%, 562.72%, and 431.34% of that in the soil, respectively. These findings help distinguish seed presence and provide a basis for ultrasonic seed position monitoring after sowing.https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/15/14/1540double media of seed–soilmaize seedacoustic wave propagation characteristicsdiscrete element method |
| spellingShingle | Yadong Li Caiyun Lu Hongwen Li Jin He Zhinan Wang Chengkun Zhai Acoustic Wave Propagation Characteristics of Maize Seed and Surrounding Region with the Double Media of Seed–Soil Agriculture double media of seed–soil maize seed acoustic wave propagation characteristics discrete element method |
| title | Acoustic Wave Propagation Characteristics of Maize Seed and Surrounding Region with the Double Media of Seed–Soil |
| title_full | Acoustic Wave Propagation Characteristics of Maize Seed and Surrounding Region with the Double Media of Seed–Soil |
| title_fullStr | Acoustic Wave Propagation Characteristics of Maize Seed and Surrounding Region with the Double Media of Seed–Soil |
| title_full_unstemmed | Acoustic Wave Propagation Characteristics of Maize Seed and Surrounding Region with the Double Media of Seed–Soil |
| title_short | Acoustic Wave Propagation Characteristics of Maize Seed and Surrounding Region with the Double Media of Seed–Soil |
| title_sort | acoustic wave propagation characteristics of maize seed and surrounding region with the double media of seed soil |
| topic | double media of seed–soil maize seed acoustic wave propagation characteristics discrete element method |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/15/14/1540 |
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