A comparative life cycle assessment of drip and flood irrigation of in-shell pecan production in the Mesilla Valley, New Mexico, United States
Quantifying the water use and environmental impacts of irrigated crops in arid regions is essential for sustainable agriculture. The arid southwestern state of New Mexico in the United States (US) is a major producer of pecans, a water-intensive crop. Climate change-induced surface water scarcity ha...
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Elsevier
2025-06-01
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| Series: | Agricultural Water Management |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S037837742500246X |
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| author | Raji Lukkoor Colleen C. Naughton Sara M. Torres Richard Heerema Rolando A. Flores Galarza Joshua H. Viers Alexander G. Fernald |
| author_facet | Raji Lukkoor Colleen C. Naughton Sara M. Torres Richard Heerema Rolando A. Flores Galarza Joshua H. Viers Alexander G. Fernald |
| author_sort | Raji Lukkoor |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Quantifying the water use and environmental impacts of irrigated crops in arid regions is essential for sustainable agriculture. The arid southwestern state of New Mexico in the United States (US) is a major producer of pecans, a water-intensive crop. Climate change-induced surface water scarcity has increased reliance on pumped groundwater, resulting in higher emissions and causing aquifer depletion. This study uses a life cycle assessment (LCA) to quantify and compare the water use and environmental impacts of one kilogram of in-shell pecan production using drip and flood irrigation, making this the first LCA of pecan production. The cradle-to-farm gate system boundary includes the life cycle stages of pruning, irrigation, production, and harvest. Primary data sources include interviews with Mesilla Valley pecan producers, New Mexico State University extension publications and specialists, and state and County agriculture reports. Data analysis and modeling were conducted using the LCA software SimaPro 9.6.0.1. Four impact categories were assessed, including global warming potential, smog, ecotoxicity, and fossil fuel depletion. The production life cycle stage had the highest emissions (59–78 % across the four impact categories), driven by fertilizer production. Groundwater pumping accounted for 12–34 % of emissions in the four impact categories. Flood irrigation with groundwater reduced emissions by 63–87 % per kilogram of yield compared to drip irrigation with groundwater. A twofold system combining flood irrigation with surface water and drip irrigation with groundwater is recommended to balance aquifer recharge and emissions reductions. These findings can guide sustainable practices for pecans and other orchard crops in arid regions. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-b30ed4170a064cd683e4e16481bfd549 |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 1873-2283 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-06-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Agricultural Water Management |
| spelling | doaj-art-b30ed4170a064cd683e4e16481bfd5492025-08-20T02:30:54ZengElsevierAgricultural Water Management1873-22832025-06-0131510953210.1016/j.agwat.2025.109532A comparative life cycle assessment of drip and flood irrigation of in-shell pecan production in the Mesilla Valley, New Mexico, United StatesRaji Lukkoor0Colleen C. Naughton1Sara M. Torres2Richard Heerema3Rolando A. Flores Galarza4Joshua H. Viers5Alexander G. Fernald6Environmental Systems, University of California at Merced, Merced, CA 95343, USA; Corresponding author.Environmental Systems, University of California at Merced, Merced, CA 95343, USA; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California at Merced, Merced, CA 95343, USANew Mexico Water Resources Research Institute, New Mexico State University, PO Box 30001, Las Cruces, NM 88003-8001, USA; College of Agricultural, Consumer, and Environmental Sciences, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003-8001, USAPlant and Environmental Sciences, New Mexico State University, 127 N. Skeen Hall, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USACollege of Agricultural, Consumer, and Environmental Sciences, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003-8001, USAEnvironmental Systems, University of California at Merced, Merced, CA 95343, USA; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California at Merced, Merced, CA 95343, USANew Mexico Water Resources Research Institute, New Mexico State University, PO Box 30001, Las Cruces, NM 88003-8001, USA; College of Agricultural, Consumer, and Environmental Sciences, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003-8001, USAQuantifying the water use and environmental impacts of irrigated crops in arid regions is essential for sustainable agriculture. The arid southwestern state of New Mexico in the United States (US) is a major producer of pecans, a water-intensive crop. Climate change-induced surface water scarcity has increased reliance on pumped groundwater, resulting in higher emissions and causing aquifer depletion. This study uses a life cycle assessment (LCA) to quantify and compare the water use and environmental impacts of one kilogram of in-shell pecan production using drip and flood irrigation, making this the first LCA of pecan production. The cradle-to-farm gate system boundary includes the life cycle stages of pruning, irrigation, production, and harvest. Primary data sources include interviews with Mesilla Valley pecan producers, New Mexico State University extension publications and specialists, and state and County agriculture reports. Data analysis and modeling were conducted using the LCA software SimaPro 9.6.0.1. Four impact categories were assessed, including global warming potential, smog, ecotoxicity, and fossil fuel depletion. The production life cycle stage had the highest emissions (59–78 % across the four impact categories), driven by fertilizer production. Groundwater pumping accounted for 12–34 % of emissions in the four impact categories. Flood irrigation with groundwater reduced emissions by 63–87 % per kilogram of yield compared to drip irrigation with groundwater. A twofold system combining flood irrigation with surface water and drip irrigation with groundwater is recommended to balance aquifer recharge and emissions reductions. These findings can guide sustainable practices for pecans and other orchard crops in arid regions.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S037837742500246XCarya illinoinensisGlobal warming potentialEcotoxicitySurface waterGroundwaterWater scarcity |
| spellingShingle | Raji Lukkoor Colleen C. Naughton Sara M. Torres Richard Heerema Rolando A. Flores Galarza Joshua H. Viers Alexander G. Fernald A comparative life cycle assessment of drip and flood irrigation of in-shell pecan production in the Mesilla Valley, New Mexico, United States Agricultural Water Management Carya illinoinensis Global warming potential Ecotoxicity Surface water Groundwater Water scarcity |
| title | A comparative life cycle assessment of drip and flood irrigation of in-shell pecan production in the Mesilla Valley, New Mexico, United States |
| title_full | A comparative life cycle assessment of drip and flood irrigation of in-shell pecan production in the Mesilla Valley, New Mexico, United States |
| title_fullStr | A comparative life cycle assessment of drip and flood irrigation of in-shell pecan production in the Mesilla Valley, New Mexico, United States |
| title_full_unstemmed | A comparative life cycle assessment of drip and flood irrigation of in-shell pecan production in the Mesilla Valley, New Mexico, United States |
| title_short | A comparative life cycle assessment of drip and flood irrigation of in-shell pecan production in the Mesilla Valley, New Mexico, United States |
| title_sort | comparative life cycle assessment of drip and flood irrigation of in shell pecan production in the mesilla valley new mexico united states |
| topic | Carya illinoinensis Global warming potential Ecotoxicity Surface water Groundwater Water scarcity |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S037837742500246X |
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