Complexity of unmet basic needs of children in adversity in China's fragmented child protection system - Risk and protective factors from a bioecological perspective

Background: Child protection system is continually redefined to cover more adversities because studies have identified increasingly more new adversities. The system's focus also extends to “unmet needs”. Objective: This study uses an innovative assessment framework to analyze the unmet basic ne...

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Main Authors: Ning Zhu, Ruoran Qiu, Timo Toikko
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Elsevier 2025-07-01
Series:Child Protection and Practice
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Online Access:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2950193825001019
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author Ning Zhu
Ruoran Qiu
Timo Toikko
author_facet Ning Zhu
Ruoran Qiu
Timo Toikko
author_sort Ning Zhu
collection DOAJ
description Background: Child protection system is continually redefined to cover more adversities because studies have identified increasingly more new adversities. The system's focus also extends to “unmet needs”. Objective: This study uses an innovative assessment framework to analyze the unmet basic needs (survival, protection, participation, and development) of children in adversity. Exploring risk and protective factors affecting their total needs at the individual, family, and society levels based on bioecological theory. Participants: The study analyzed data from 1243 children in adversity and their families, covering diverse schooling levels, types of adversity, guardianship arrangements, and family structures, with children aged 6–18 years. Methods: The sample was selected by cluster and systematic sampling. Trained social workers collected door-to-door questionnaire data on demographics, children's basic needs, parental and carer characteristics, and family functioning and environment. Predictors of children's total needs were analyzed using hierarchical linear regression. Results: Children in adversity had higher developmental and participation needs than survival and protection needs. Lower total needs were associated with higher children's strength characteristics and support from relatives or friends. Conversely, family trauma, caregiver negative characteristics, socio-economic resources (debt and housing instability), family dysfunction (intergenerational care difficulties) increased children's basic total needs. Conclusions: Lack of parental awareness and capacity, family stress, and inadequate family support make it difficult for families to meet children's basic needs. Policymakers should acknowledge the negative impact of fragmented child protection systems on child development. An integrated protection system and social services are needed to support families, and improve children's well-being.
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spelling doaj-art-b2a854d23030456fb29d09a6e0c2bf2f2025-08-20T03:21:59ZengElsevierChild Protection and Practice2950-19382025-07-01510019310.1016/j.chipro.2025.100193Complexity of unmet basic needs of children in adversity in China's fragmented child protection system - Risk and protective factors from a bioecological perspectiveNing Zhu0Ruoran Qiu1Timo Toikko2Fudan University, Department of Social Development and Public Policy, No. 220 Handan Road, 200433, Shanghai, China; Visiting Researcher at Sino-Finnish Centre for Child Protection Research, University of Eastern Finland, FinlandDuke University, Duke Science & Society, 140 Science Dr, Durham, NC 27708, USAUniversity of Eastern Finland, Department of Social Sciences, P.O. Box 1627, FI 70211, Kuopio, Finland; Corresponding author.Department of Social Sciences University of Eastern Finland, Finland.Background: Child protection system is continually redefined to cover more adversities because studies have identified increasingly more new adversities. The system's focus also extends to “unmet needs”. Objective: This study uses an innovative assessment framework to analyze the unmet basic needs (survival, protection, participation, and development) of children in adversity. Exploring risk and protective factors affecting their total needs at the individual, family, and society levels based on bioecological theory. Participants: The study analyzed data from 1243 children in adversity and their families, covering diverse schooling levels, types of adversity, guardianship arrangements, and family structures, with children aged 6–18 years. Methods: The sample was selected by cluster and systematic sampling. Trained social workers collected door-to-door questionnaire data on demographics, children's basic needs, parental and carer characteristics, and family functioning and environment. Predictors of children's total needs were analyzed using hierarchical linear regression. Results: Children in adversity had higher developmental and participation needs than survival and protection needs. Lower total needs were associated with higher children's strength characteristics and support from relatives or friends. Conversely, family trauma, caregiver negative characteristics, socio-economic resources (debt and housing instability), family dysfunction (intergenerational care difficulties) increased children's basic total needs. Conclusions: Lack of parental awareness and capacity, family stress, and inadequate family support make it difficult for families to meet children's basic needs. Policymakers should acknowledge the negative impact of fragmented child protection systems on child development. An integrated protection system and social services are needed to support families, and improve children's well-being.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2950193825001019Childhood adversityChild protectionUnmet basic needsFragmented systemRisk factorsProtective factors
spellingShingle Ning Zhu
Ruoran Qiu
Timo Toikko
Complexity of unmet basic needs of children in adversity in China's fragmented child protection system - Risk and protective factors from a bioecological perspective
Child Protection and Practice
Childhood adversity
Child protection
Unmet basic needs
Fragmented system
Risk factors
Protective factors
title Complexity of unmet basic needs of children in adversity in China's fragmented child protection system - Risk and protective factors from a bioecological perspective
title_full Complexity of unmet basic needs of children in adversity in China's fragmented child protection system - Risk and protective factors from a bioecological perspective
title_fullStr Complexity of unmet basic needs of children in adversity in China's fragmented child protection system - Risk and protective factors from a bioecological perspective
title_full_unstemmed Complexity of unmet basic needs of children in adversity in China's fragmented child protection system - Risk and protective factors from a bioecological perspective
title_short Complexity of unmet basic needs of children in adversity in China's fragmented child protection system - Risk and protective factors from a bioecological perspective
title_sort complexity of unmet basic needs of children in adversity in china s fragmented child protection system risk and protective factors from a bioecological perspective
topic Childhood adversity
Child protection
Unmet basic needs
Fragmented system
Risk factors
Protective factors
url http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2950193825001019
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AT timotoikko complexityofunmetbasicneedsofchildreninadversityinchinasfragmentedchildprotectionsystemriskandprotectivefactorsfromabioecologicalperspective