Artificial Intelligence Models and Tools for the Assessment of Drug–Herb Interactions

Artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a powerful tool in medical sciences that is revolutionizing various fields of drug research. AI algorithms can analyze large-scale biological data and identify molecular targets and pathways advancing pharmacological knowledge. An especially promising area...

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Main Authors: Marios Spanakis, Eleftheria Tzamali, Georgios Tzedakis, Chryssalenia Koumpouzi, Matthew Pediaditis, Aristides Tsatsakis, Vangelis Sakkalis
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-02-01
Series:Pharmaceuticals
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8247/18/3/282
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author Marios Spanakis
Eleftheria Tzamali
Georgios Tzedakis
Chryssalenia Koumpouzi
Matthew Pediaditis
Aristides Tsatsakis
Vangelis Sakkalis
author_facet Marios Spanakis
Eleftheria Tzamali
Georgios Tzedakis
Chryssalenia Koumpouzi
Matthew Pediaditis
Aristides Tsatsakis
Vangelis Sakkalis
author_sort Marios Spanakis
collection DOAJ
description Artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a powerful tool in medical sciences that is revolutionizing various fields of drug research. AI algorithms can analyze large-scale biological data and identify molecular targets and pathways advancing pharmacological knowledge. An especially promising area is the assessment of drug interactions. The AI analysis of large datasets, such as drugs’ chemical structure, pharmacological properties, molecular pathways, and known interaction patterns, can provide mechanistic insights and identify potential associations by integrating all this complex information and returning potential risks associated with these interactions. In this context, an area where AI may prove valuable is in the assessment of the underlying mechanisms of drug interactions with natural products (i.e., herbs) that are used as dietary supplements. These products pose a challenging problem since they are complex mixtures of constituents with diverse and limited information regarding their pharmacological properties, especially their pharmacokinetic data. As the use of herbal products and supplements continues to grow, it becomes increasingly important to understand the potential interactions between them and conventional drugs and the associated adverse drug reactions. This review will discuss AI approaches and how they can be exploited in providing valuable mechanistic insights regarding the prediction of interactions between drugs and herbs, and their potential exploitation in experimental validation or clinical utilization.
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issn 1424-8247
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spelling doaj-art-b29d5555ae314074adacdc49eadfeb402025-08-20T01:48:45ZengMDPI AGPharmaceuticals1424-82472025-02-0118328210.3390/ph18030282Artificial Intelligence Models and Tools for the Assessment of Drug–Herb InteractionsMarios Spanakis0Eleftheria Tzamali1Georgios Tzedakis2Chryssalenia Koumpouzi3Matthew Pediaditis4Aristides Tsatsakis5Vangelis Sakkalis6Department of Toxicology and Forensic Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, GreeceComputational Bio-Medicine Laboratory, Institute of Computer Science, Foundation for Research and Technology—Hellas, 70013 Heraklion, GreeceComputational Bio-Medicine Laboratory, Institute of Computer Science, Foundation for Research and Technology—Hellas, 70013 Heraklion, GreeceComputational Bio-Medicine Laboratory, Institute of Computer Science, Foundation for Research and Technology—Hellas, 70013 Heraklion, GreeceComputational Bio-Medicine Laboratory, Institute of Computer Science, Foundation for Research and Technology—Hellas, 70013 Heraklion, GreeceDepartment of Toxicology and Forensic Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, GreeceComputational Bio-Medicine Laboratory, Institute of Computer Science, Foundation for Research and Technology—Hellas, 70013 Heraklion, GreeceArtificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a powerful tool in medical sciences that is revolutionizing various fields of drug research. AI algorithms can analyze large-scale biological data and identify molecular targets and pathways advancing pharmacological knowledge. An especially promising area is the assessment of drug interactions. The AI analysis of large datasets, such as drugs’ chemical structure, pharmacological properties, molecular pathways, and known interaction patterns, can provide mechanistic insights and identify potential associations by integrating all this complex information and returning potential risks associated with these interactions. In this context, an area where AI may prove valuable is in the assessment of the underlying mechanisms of drug interactions with natural products (i.e., herbs) that are used as dietary supplements. These products pose a challenging problem since they are complex mixtures of constituents with diverse and limited information regarding their pharmacological properties, especially their pharmacokinetic data. As the use of herbal products and supplements continues to grow, it becomes increasingly important to understand the potential interactions between them and conventional drugs and the associated adverse drug reactions. This review will discuss AI approaches and how they can be exploited in providing valuable mechanistic insights regarding the prediction of interactions between drugs and herbs, and their potential exploitation in experimental validation or clinical utilization.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8247/18/3/282drug–herb interactionsherbal medicinesartificial intelligenceinteractionsmachine learningdeep learning
spellingShingle Marios Spanakis
Eleftheria Tzamali
Georgios Tzedakis
Chryssalenia Koumpouzi
Matthew Pediaditis
Aristides Tsatsakis
Vangelis Sakkalis
Artificial Intelligence Models and Tools for the Assessment of Drug–Herb Interactions
Pharmaceuticals
drug–herb interactions
herbal medicines
artificial intelligence
interactions
machine learning
deep learning
title Artificial Intelligence Models and Tools for the Assessment of Drug–Herb Interactions
title_full Artificial Intelligence Models and Tools for the Assessment of Drug–Herb Interactions
title_fullStr Artificial Intelligence Models and Tools for the Assessment of Drug–Herb Interactions
title_full_unstemmed Artificial Intelligence Models and Tools for the Assessment of Drug–Herb Interactions
title_short Artificial Intelligence Models and Tools for the Assessment of Drug–Herb Interactions
title_sort artificial intelligence models and tools for the assessment of drug herb interactions
topic drug–herb interactions
herbal medicines
artificial intelligence
interactions
machine learning
deep learning
url https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8247/18/3/282
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