Unveiling the new chapter in nanobody engineering: advances in traditional construction and AI-driven optimization
Abstract Nanobodies (Nbs), miniature antibodies consisting solely of the variable region of heavy chains, exhibit unique properties such as small size, high stability, and strong specificity, making them highly promising for disease diagnosis and treatment. The engineering production of Nbs has evol...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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BMC
2025-02-01
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| Series: | Journal of Nanobiotechnology |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12951-025-03169-5 |
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| author | Jiwei Liu Lei Wu Anqi Xie Weici Liu Zhao He Yuan Wan Wenjun Mao |
| author_facet | Jiwei Liu Lei Wu Anqi Xie Weici Liu Zhao He Yuan Wan Wenjun Mao |
| author_sort | Jiwei Liu |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Nanobodies (Nbs), miniature antibodies consisting solely of the variable region of heavy chains, exhibit unique properties such as small size, high stability, and strong specificity, making them highly promising for disease diagnosis and treatment. The engineering production of Nbs has evolved into a mature process, involving library construction, screening, and expression purification. Different library types, including immune, naïve, and synthetic/semi-synthetic libraries, offer diverse options for various applications, while display platforms like phage display, cell surface display, and non-surface display provide efficient screening of target Nbs. Recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) have opened new avenues in Nb engineering. AI’s exceptional performance in protein structure prediction and molecular interaction simulation has introduced novel perspectives and tools for Nb design and optimization. Integrating AI with traditional experimental methods is anticipated to enhance the efficiency and precision of Nb development, expediting the transition from basic research to clinical applications. This review comprehensively examines the latest progress in Nb engineering, emphasizing library construction strategies, display platform technologies, and AI applications. It evaluates the strengths and weaknesses of various libraries and display platforms and explores the potential and challenges of AI in predicting Nb structure, antigen-antibody interactions, and optimizing physicochemical properties. Graphical abstract |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-b24c318cb7424e0c8a6e0499463a915c |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1477-3155 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-02-01 |
| publisher | BMC |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Nanobiotechnology |
| spelling | doaj-art-b24c318cb7424e0c8a6e0499463a915c2025-02-09T12:53:09ZengBMCJournal of Nanobiotechnology1477-31552025-02-0123112710.1186/s12951-025-03169-5Unveiling the new chapter in nanobody engineering: advances in traditional construction and AI-driven optimizationJiwei Liu0Lei Wu1Anqi Xie2Weici Liu3Zhao He4Yuan Wan5Wenjun Mao6Department of Thoracic Surgery, Wuxi People’s Hospital, Wuxi Medical Center, The Affiliated Wuxi People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical UniversityDepartment of Thoracic Surgery, Wuxi People’s Hospital, Wuxi Medical Center, The Affiliated Wuxi People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical UniversityDepartment of Thoracic Surgery, Wuxi People’s Hospital, Wuxi Medical Center, The Affiliated Wuxi People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical UniversityDepartment of Thoracic Surgery, Wuxi People’s Hospital, Wuxi Medical Center, The Affiliated Wuxi People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical UniversityDepartment of Thoracic Surgery, Wuxi People’s Hospital, Wuxi Medical Center, The Affiliated Wuxi People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical UniversityThe Pq Laboratory of BiomeDx/Rx, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Binghamton UniversityDepartment of Thoracic Surgery, Wuxi People’s Hospital, Wuxi Medical Center, The Affiliated Wuxi People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical UniversityAbstract Nanobodies (Nbs), miniature antibodies consisting solely of the variable region of heavy chains, exhibit unique properties such as small size, high stability, and strong specificity, making them highly promising for disease diagnosis and treatment. The engineering production of Nbs has evolved into a mature process, involving library construction, screening, and expression purification. Different library types, including immune, naïve, and synthetic/semi-synthetic libraries, offer diverse options for various applications, while display platforms like phage display, cell surface display, and non-surface display provide efficient screening of target Nbs. Recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) have opened new avenues in Nb engineering. AI’s exceptional performance in protein structure prediction and molecular interaction simulation has introduced novel perspectives and tools for Nb design and optimization. Integrating AI with traditional experimental methods is anticipated to enhance the efficiency and precision of Nb development, expediting the transition from basic research to clinical applications. This review comprehensively examines the latest progress in Nb engineering, emphasizing library construction strategies, display platform technologies, and AI applications. It evaluates the strengths and weaknesses of various libraries and display platforms and explores the potential and challenges of AI in predicting Nb structure, antigen-antibody interactions, and optimizing physicochemical properties. Graphical abstracthttps://doi.org/10.1186/s12951-025-03169-5Nanobody engineeringLibrary constructionScreening platformsArtificial intelligenceDesign optimization |
| spellingShingle | Jiwei Liu Lei Wu Anqi Xie Weici Liu Zhao He Yuan Wan Wenjun Mao Unveiling the new chapter in nanobody engineering: advances in traditional construction and AI-driven optimization Journal of Nanobiotechnology Nanobody engineering Library construction Screening platforms Artificial intelligence Design optimization |
| title | Unveiling the new chapter in nanobody engineering: advances in traditional construction and AI-driven optimization |
| title_full | Unveiling the new chapter in nanobody engineering: advances in traditional construction and AI-driven optimization |
| title_fullStr | Unveiling the new chapter in nanobody engineering: advances in traditional construction and AI-driven optimization |
| title_full_unstemmed | Unveiling the new chapter in nanobody engineering: advances in traditional construction and AI-driven optimization |
| title_short | Unveiling the new chapter in nanobody engineering: advances in traditional construction and AI-driven optimization |
| title_sort | unveiling the new chapter in nanobody engineering advances in traditional construction and ai driven optimization |
| topic | Nanobody engineering Library construction Screening platforms Artificial intelligence Design optimization |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12951-025-03169-5 |
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