40 years of restoration: Temporal effects on nitrogen levels and carbon stability of post-extracted bogs

Peatlands store one-third of terrestrial carbon (C). However, despite being major C sinks, some peatlands are disturbed by peat extraction. In the last decades, restoration attempts were undertaken to restore extracted peatlands, nevertheless, it remained unclear whether, to which degree and how fas...

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Main Authors: Heike Schimmel, Melanie Braun, Wulf Amelung
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Elsevier 2025-07-01
Series:Geoderma
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Online Access:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016706125002290
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author Heike Schimmel
Melanie Braun
Wulf Amelung
author_facet Heike Schimmel
Melanie Braun
Wulf Amelung
author_sort Heike Schimmel
collection DOAJ
description Peatlands store one-third of terrestrial carbon (C). However, despite being major C sinks, some peatlands are disturbed by peat extraction. In the last decades, restoration attempts were undertaken to restore extracted peatlands, nevertheless, it remained unclear whether, to which degree and how fast restoration can achieve original peat characteristics. We hypothesized that i) soil bulk density decreases with stabilisation of the water table after rewetting and that ii) mineral nitrogen (Nmin) stocks are highest soon after restoration and decrease with restoration time. Further, we assumed that iii) with the development of a new vegetation cover, heterotrophic respiration increases over time, yet with decreasing temperature sensitivity (Q10). To test these hypotheses, we sampled chronosequences of two post-extracted and restored bogs in Germany with restoration ages ranging from 2 to 43 years. We determined bulk density, Nmin stocks, basal respiration and temperature sensitivity of heterotrophic soil respiration via incubation experiments. We found that bulk densities and hence also ammonium (NH4+) and nitrate (NO3–) stocks decreased with restoration age and that low NO3– stocks were found at high water tables. While basal respiration of the topsoil increased with restoration age, Q10 values remained high, ranging from 2.1 to 3.2. Respiration was correlated with total N (r = 0.56) and bulk density (r = -0.58), while Q10 values were neither influenced by degradability of organic matter nor by Nmin content. We conclude that a stable high water table and dense vegetation decrease bulk density and Nmin stocks within three decades after restoration, while there is no restoration effect on Q10 within the first four decades.
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spelling doaj-art-b22a2435e209432b9fd098a6742599ee2025-08-20T02:10:01ZengElsevierGeoderma1872-62592025-07-0145911739110.1016/j.geoderma.2025.11739140 years of restoration: Temporal effects on nitrogen levels and carbon stability of post-extracted bogsHeike Schimmel0Melanie Braun1Wulf Amelung2Corresponding author.; Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conversation (INRES), Soil Science and Soil Ecology, University of Bonn, Bonn, GermanyInstitute of Crop Science and Resource Conversation (INRES), Soil Science and Soil Ecology, University of Bonn, Bonn, GermanyInstitute of Crop Science and Resource Conversation (INRES), Soil Science and Soil Ecology, University of Bonn, Bonn, GermanyPeatlands store one-third of terrestrial carbon (C). However, despite being major C sinks, some peatlands are disturbed by peat extraction. In the last decades, restoration attempts were undertaken to restore extracted peatlands, nevertheless, it remained unclear whether, to which degree and how fast restoration can achieve original peat characteristics. We hypothesized that i) soil bulk density decreases with stabilisation of the water table after rewetting and that ii) mineral nitrogen (Nmin) stocks are highest soon after restoration and decrease with restoration time. Further, we assumed that iii) with the development of a new vegetation cover, heterotrophic respiration increases over time, yet with decreasing temperature sensitivity (Q10). To test these hypotheses, we sampled chronosequences of two post-extracted and restored bogs in Germany with restoration ages ranging from 2 to 43 years. We determined bulk density, Nmin stocks, basal respiration and temperature sensitivity of heterotrophic soil respiration via incubation experiments. We found that bulk densities and hence also ammonium (NH4+) and nitrate (NO3–) stocks decreased with restoration age and that low NO3– stocks were found at high water tables. While basal respiration of the topsoil increased with restoration age, Q10 values remained high, ranging from 2.1 to 3.2. Respiration was correlated with total N (r = 0.56) and bulk density (r = -0.58), while Q10 values were neither influenced by degradability of organic matter nor by Nmin content. We conclude that a stable high water table and dense vegetation decrease bulk density and Nmin stocks within three decades after restoration, while there is no restoration effect on Q10 within the first four decades.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016706125002290SoilBulk densityCarbon dioxideIncubationNminPeatlands
spellingShingle Heike Schimmel
Melanie Braun
Wulf Amelung
40 years of restoration: Temporal effects on nitrogen levels and carbon stability of post-extracted bogs
Geoderma
Soil
Bulk density
Carbon dioxide
Incubation
Nmin
Peatlands
title 40 years of restoration: Temporal effects on nitrogen levels and carbon stability of post-extracted bogs
title_full 40 years of restoration: Temporal effects on nitrogen levels and carbon stability of post-extracted bogs
title_fullStr 40 years of restoration: Temporal effects on nitrogen levels and carbon stability of post-extracted bogs
title_full_unstemmed 40 years of restoration: Temporal effects on nitrogen levels and carbon stability of post-extracted bogs
title_short 40 years of restoration: Temporal effects on nitrogen levels and carbon stability of post-extracted bogs
title_sort 40 years of restoration temporal effects on nitrogen levels and carbon stability of post extracted bogs
topic Soil
Bulk density
Carbon dioxide
Incubation
Nmin
Peatlands
url http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016706125002290
work_keys_str_mv AT heikeschimmel 40yearsofrestorationtemporaleffectsonnitrogenlevelsandcarbonstabilityofpostextractedbogs
AT melaniebraun 40yearsofrestorationtemporaleffectsonnitrogenlevelsandcarbonstabilityofpostextractedbogs
AT wulfamelung 40yearsofrestorationtemporaleffectsonnitrogenlevelsandcarbonstabilityofpostextractedbogs