Anti-Bacterial Properties and Hemocompatibility of Alkali Treated Nano-Structured Micro-Porous Titanium Surfaces
Titanium and its alloys have been the material of choice for orthopedic implants due to their excellent physical properties as well as biocompatibility. However, titanium is not able to integrate with bone due to the mismatch of mechanical properties. Additionally, bone has a micro–nano hierarchy, w...
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2025-02-01
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| author | Aniruddha Vijay Savargaonkar Emma Holloway Liszt Y. C. Madruga Bruno L Pereira Paulo Soares Ketul C. Popat |
| author_facet | Aniruddha Vijay Savargaonkar Emma Holloway Liszt Y. C. Madruga Bruno L Pereira Paulo Soares Ketul C. Popat |
| author_sort | Aniruddha Vijay Savargaonkar |
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| description | Titanium and its alloys have been the material of choice for orthopedic implants due to their excellent physical properties as well as biocompatibility. However, titanium is not able to integrate with bone due to the mismatch of mechanical properties. Additionally, bone has a micro–nano hierarchy, which is absent on titanium’s surface. A potential solution to the former is to make the surfaces porous to bring the mechanical properties closer to that of the bone, and a solution for the latter is to fabricate nanostructures. In this study, micro-porous titanium surfaces were hydrothermally treated using an alkali medium to fabricate nanostructures on the existing micro-porosity of the surface. The surface properties were evaluated using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and nanoindentation. The anti-bacterial properties of the surfaces were evaluated against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria using fluorescence microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Blood clotting is shown to improve the surface-to-bone integration; hence, whole blood clotting and platelet adhesion and activation were evaluated using a whole blood clotting assay, fluorescence microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The results indicate that nanostructured micro-porous titanium surfaces display significantly enhanced anti-bacterial properties as well as equivalent blood clotting characteristics compared to non-porous titanium surfaces. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-b1f719cee77343e4bf157b7ff34a8a2a |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2313-7673 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Biomimetics |
| spelling | doaj-art-b1f719cee77343e4bf157b7ff34a8a2a2025-08-20T03:12:02ZengMDPI AGBiomimetics2313-76732025-02-0110211510.3390/biomimetics10020115Anti-Bacterial Properties and Hemocompatibility of Alkali Treated Nano-Structured Micro-Porous Titanium SurfacesAniruddha Vijay Savargaonkar0Emma Holloway1Liszt Y. C. Madruga2Bruno L Pereira3Paulo Soares4Ketul C. Popat5Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USADepartment of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USADepartment of Bioengineering, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USADepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba 80215-901, PR, BrazilDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba 80215-901, PR, BrazilDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USATitanium and its alloys have been the material of choice for orthopedic implants due to their excellent physical properties as well as biocompatibility. However, titanium is not able to integrate with bone due to the mismatch of mechanical properties. Additionally, bone has a micro–nano hierarchy, which is absent on titanium’s surface. A potential solution to the former is to make the surfaces porous to bring the mechanical properties closer to that of the bone, and a solution for the latter is to fabricate nanostructures. In this study, micro-porous titanium surfaces were hydrothermally treated using an alkali medium to fabricate nanostructures on the existing micro-porosity of the surface. The surface properties were evaluated using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and nanoindentation. The anti-bacterial properties of the surfaces were evaluated against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria using fluorescence microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Blood clotting is shown to improve the surface-to-bone integration; hence, whole blood clotting and platelet adhesion and activation were evaluated using a whole blood clotting assay, fluorescence microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The results indicate that nanostructured micro-porous titanium surfaces display significantly enhanced anti-bacterial properties as well as equivalent blood clotting characteristics compared to non-porous titanium surfaces.https://www.mdpi.com/2313-7673/10/2/115titaniumnanostructuresbiomaterialsanti-bacterial studieshemocompatibility |
| spellingShingle | Aniruddha Vijay Savargaonkar Emma Holloway Liszt Y. C. Madruga Bruno L Pereira Paulo Soares Ketul C. Popat Anti-Bacterial Properties and Hemocompatibility of Alkali Treated Nano-Structured Micro-Porous Titanium Surfaces Biomimetics titanium nanostructures biomaterials anti-bacterial studies hemocompatibility |
| title | Anti-Bacterial Properties and Hemocompatibility of Alkali Treated Nano-Structured Micro-Porous Titanium Surfaces |
| title_full | Anti-Bacterial Properties and Hemocompatibility of Alkali Treated Nano-Structured Micro-Porous Titanium Surfaces |
| title_fullStr | Anti-Bacterial Properties and Hemocompatibility of Alkali Treated Nano-Structured Micro-Porous Titanium Surfaces |
| title_full_unstemmed | Anti-Bacterial Properties and Hemocompatibility of Alkali Treated Nano-Structured Micro-Porous Titanium Surfaces |
| title_short | Anti-Bacterial Properties and Hemocompatibility of Alkali Treated Nano-Structured Micro-Porous Titanium Surfaces |
| title_sort | anti bacterial properties and hemocompatibility of alkali treated nano structured micro porous titanium surfaces |
| topic | titanium nanostructures biomaterials anti-bacterial studies hemocompatibility |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2313-7673/10/2/115 |
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