Prevalence of and factors associated with tobacco smoking in the Gambia: a national cross-sectional study
Objectives To examine the prevalence of and risk factors associated with tobacco smoking in the Gambia.Design A nationwide cross-sectional study.Setting The Gambia.Participants The study participants were both women and men aged between 15 and 49 years old. We included 16,066 men and women in our fi...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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BMJ Publishing Group
2022-06-01
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| Series: | BMJ Open |
| Online Access: | https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/12/6/e057607.full |
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| author | Abu Naser Zafar Ullah Md Shariful Islam Md Golam Rabbani Haifaa AlWajeah Md Ferdous Nusrat Sharmin Mahfuza Daniel Konka Eva Silenga |
| author_facet | Abu Naser Zafar Ullah Md Shariful Islam Md Golam Rabbani Haifaa AlWajeah Md Ferdous Nusrat Sharmin Mahfuza Daniel Konka Eva Silenga |
| author_sort | Abu Naser Zafar Ullah |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Objectives To examine the prevalence of and risk factors associated with tobacco smoking in the Gambia.Design A nationwide cross-sectional study.Setting The Gambia.Participants The study participants were both women and men aged between 15 and 49 years old. We included 16,066 men and women in our final analysis.Data analysis We analysed data from the Gambia Demographic and Health Survey (DHS), 2019–2020. DHS collected nationally stratified data from local government areas and rural–urban areas. The outcome variable was the prevalence of tobacco smoking. Descriptive analysis, prevalence and logistic regression methods were used to analyse data to identify the potential determinants of tobacco smoking.Results The response rate was 93%. The prevalence of current tobacco smoking was 9.92% in the Gambia in 2019–2020, of which, 81% of the consumers smoked tobacco daily. Men (19.3%) smoked tobacco much higher than women (0.65%) (p<0.001). People aged 40–49 years, with lower education, and manual workers were the most prevalent group of smoking in the Gambia (p<0.001).Men were 33 times more likely to smoke tobacco than women. The chance of consuming smoked tobacco increased with the increase of age (adjusted OR (AOR) 9.08, 95% CI 5.08 to 16.22 among adults aged 40–49 years, p<0.001). The strength of association was the highest among primary educated individuals (AOR 5.35, 95% CI 3.35 to 8.54).Manual workers (AOR 2.73) and people from the poorest households (AOR 1.86) were the risk groups for smoking. However, place of residency and region were insignificantly associated with smoking in the Gambia.Conclusions Men, older people, manual workers, individuals with lower education and lower wealth status were the vulnerable groups to tobacco smoking in the Gambia. Government should intensify awareness programmes on the harmful effects of smoking, and introduce proper cessation support services among tobacco smoking users prioritising these risk groups. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-b1d9dfd7ed374546a3f89728bddf71ee |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2044-6055 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2022-06-01 |
| publisher | BMJ Publishing Group |
| record_format | Article |
| series | BMJ Open |
| spelling | doaj-art-b1d9dfd7ed374546a3f89728bddf71ee2025-01-28T00:20:09ZengBMJ Publishing GroupBMJ Open2044-60552022-06-0112610.1136/bmjopen-2021-057607Prevalence of and factors associated with tobacco smoking in the Gambia: a national cross-sectional studyAbu Naser Zafar Ullah0Md Shariful Islam1Md Golam Rabbani2Haifaa AlWajeah3Md Ferdous4Nusrat Sharmin Mahfuza5Daniel Konka6Eva Silenga7KIT Royal Tropical Institute, Amsterdam, The NetherlandsPublic Health Foundation Bangladesh, Dhaka, BangladeshPublic Health Foundation, Bangladesh, Dhaka, BangladeshIndependent Researcher, Sana’a, YemenWorld Bank, Bangladesh office, Dhaka, BangladeshIndependent Researcher, Dhaka, BangladeshGhana Health Service, Regional Health Directorate-Bono Region, Accra, Greater Accra, GhanaZambia Ministry of Health, Lusaka, ZambiaObjectives To examine the prevalence of and risk factors associated with tobacco smoking in the Gambia.Design A nationwide cross-sectional study.Setting The Gambia.Participants The study participants were both women and men aged between 15 and 49 years old. We included 16,066 men and women in our final analysis.Data analysis We analysed data from the Gambia Demographic and Health Survey (DHS), 2019–2020. DHS collected nationally stratified data from local government areas and rural–urban areas. The outcome variable was the prevalence of tobacco smoking. Descriptive analysis, prevalence and logistic regression methods were used to analyse data to identify the potential determinants of tobacco smoking.Results The response rate was 93%. The prevalence of current tobacco smoking was 9.92% in the Gambia in 2019–2020, of which, 81% of the consumers smoked tobacco daily. Men (19.3%) smoked tobacco much higher than women (0.65%) (p<0.001). People aged 40–49 years, with lower education, and manual workers were the most prevalent group of smoking in the Gambia (p<0.001).Men were 33 times more likely to smoke tobacco than women. The chance of consuming smoked tobacco increased with the increase of age (adjusted OR (AOR) 9.08, 95% CI 5.08 to 16.22 among adults aged 40–49 years, p<0.001). The strength of association was the highest among primary educated individuals (AOR 5.35, 95% CI 3.35 to 8.54).Manual workers (AOR 2.73) and people from the poorest households (AOR 1.86) were the risk groups for smoking. However, place of residency and region were insignificantly associated with smoking in the Gambia.Conclusions Men, older people, manual workers, individuals with lower education and lower wealth status were the vulnerable groups to tobacco smoking in the Gambia. Government should intensify awareness programmes on the harmful effects of smoking, and introduce proper cessation support services among tobacco smoking users prioritising these risk groups.https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/12/6/e057607.full |
| spellingShingle | Abu Naser Zafar Ullah Md Shariful Islam Md Golam Rabbani Haifaa AlWajeah Md Ferdous Nusrat Sharmin Mahfuza Daniel Konka Eva Silenga Prevalence of and factors associated with tobacco smoking in the Gambia: a national cross-sectional study BMJ Open |
| title | Prevalence of and factors associated with tobacco smoking in the Gambia: a national cross-sectional study |
| title_full | Prevalence of and factors associated with tobacco smoking in the Gambia: a national cross-sectional study |
| title_fullStr | Prevalence of and factors associated with tobacco smoking in the Gambia: a national cross-sectional study |
| title_full_unstemmed | Prevalence of and factors associated with tobacco smoking in the Gambia: a national cross-sectional study |
| title_short | Prevalence of and factors associated with tobacco smoking in the Gambia: a national cross-sectional study |
| title_sort | prevalence of and factors associated with tobacco smoking in the gambia a national cross sectional study |
| url | https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/12/6/e057607.full |
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