A mobile hybrid deep learning approach for classifying 3D-like representations of Amazonian lizards
Image classification is a highly significant field in machine learning (ML), especially when applied to address longstanding and challenging issues in the biological sciences, such as specie recognition and biodiversity conservation. In this study, we present the development of a hybrid machine lear...
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2025-08-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frai.2025.1524380/full |
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| author | Arthur Gonsales da Silva Arthur Gonsales da Silva Roger Pinho de Oliveira Caio de Oliveira Bastos Caio de Oliveira Bastos Elena Almeida de Carvalho Bruno Duarte Gomes |
| author_facet | Arthur Gonsales da Silva Arthur Gonsales da Silva Roger Pinho de Oliveira Caio de Oliveira Bastos Caio de Oliveira Bastos Elena Almeida de Carvalho Bruno Duarte Gomes |
| author_sort | Arthur Gonsales da Silva |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Image classification is a highly significant field in machine learning (ML), especially when applied to address longstanding and challenging issues in the biological sciences, such as specie recognition and biodiversity conservation. In this study, we present the development of a hybrid machine learning-based tool suitable for deployment on mobile devices. This tool is aimed at processing and classifying three-dimensional samples of endemic lizard species from the Amazon rainforest. The dataset used in our experiment was collected at the Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi (MPEG), Belém-PA, Brazil, and comprises three species: (a) Anolis fuscoauratus; (b) Hoplocercus spinosus; and (c) Polychrus marmoratus. We compared the effectiveness of four artificial neural networks (ANN) for feature extraction: (a) MobileNet; (b) MobileNetV2; (c) MobileNetV3-Small; and (d) MobileNetV3-Large. Additionally, we evaluated five classical ML models for classifying the extracted patterns: (a) Support Vector Machine (SVM); (b) GaussianNB (GNB); (c) AdaBoost (ADB); (d) K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN); and (e) Random Forest (RF). The performance metrics of all classifiers were very close, we used the McNemar’s test on each model’s confusion matrix to evaluate and compare their statistical significance. Our best model was a combination of a 2.9 million parameters MobileNetV3-Small as the feature extractor, with a linear kernel-based SVM as the classifier, which achieved accuracy of 0.955, precision of 0.948, recall of 0.948, and f1-score of 0.948. The results indicated that the use of a small deep learning (DL) model, in combination with a classical ML algorithm, emerges as a viable technique for classifying three-dimensional representations of lizard species samples. Such an approach facilitates taxonomic identification work for professionals in the field and provides a tool adaptable for integration into mobile data recording equipment, such as smartphones, and benefiting from more morphological features extracted from three-dimensional samples instead of two-dimensional images. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-b1c7468df9bd4615b52b91fa2207b0e9 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2624-8212 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-08-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
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| series | Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence |
| spelling | doaj-art-b1c7468df9bd4615b52b91fa2207b0e92025-08-20T03:41:05ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence2624-82122025-08-01810.3389/frai.2025.15243801524380A mobile hybrid deep learning approach for classifying 3D-like representations of Amazonian lizardsArthur Gonsales da Silva0Arthur Gonsales da Silva1Roger Pinho de Oliveira2Caio de Oliveira Bastos3Caio de Oliveira Bastos4Elena Almeida de Carvalho5Bruno Duarte Gomes6Departamento de Ciência de Dados, Instituto Tecnológico Vale, Belém, BrazilCentro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade da Amazônia, Belém, BrazilCentro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade da Amazônia, Belém, BrazilDepartamento de Ciência de Dados, Instituto Tecnológico Vale, Belém, BrazilInstituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, BrazilCentro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade da Amazônia, Belém, BrazilInstituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, BrazilImage classification is a highly significant field in machine learning (ML), especially when applied to address longstanding and challenging issues in the biological sciences, such as specie recognition and biodiversity conservation. In this study, we present the development of a hybrid machine learning-based tool suitable for deployment on mobile devices. This tool is aimed at processing and classifying three-dimensional samples of endemic lizard species from the Amazon rainforest. The dataset used in our experiment was collected at the Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi (MPEG), Belém-PA, Brazil, and comprises three species: (a) Anolis fuscoauratus; (b) Hoplocercus spinosus; and (c) Polychrus marmoratus. We compared the effectiveness of four artificial neural networks (ANN) for feature extraction: (a) MobileNet; (b) MobileNetV2; (c) MobileNetV3-Small; and (d) MobileNetV3-Large. Additionally, we evaluated five classical ML models for classifying the extracted patterns: (a) Support Vector Machine (SVM); (b) GaussianNB (GNB); (c) AdaBoost (ADB); (d) K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN); and (e) Random Forest (RF). The performance metrics of all classifiers were very close, we used the McNemar’s test on each model’s confusion matrix to evaluate and compare their statistical significance. Our best model was a combination of a 2.9 million parameters MobileNetV3-Small as the feature extractor, with a linear kernel-based SVM as the classifier, which achieved accuracy of 0.955, precision of 0.948, recall of 0.948, and f1-score of 0.948. The results indicated that the use of a small deep learning (DL) model, in combination with a classical ML algorithm, emerges as a viable technique for classifying three-dimensional representations of lizard species samples. Such an approach facilitates taxonomic identification work for professionals in the field and provides a tool adaptable for integration into mobile data recording equipment, such as smartphones, and benefiting from more morphological features extracted from three-dimensional samples instead of two-dimensional images.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frai.2025.1524380/fullhybrid machine learning3D representationsAmazonian lizardsMobileNetspecies classification |
| spellingShingle | Arthur Gonsales da Silva Arthur Gonsales da Silva Roger Pinho de Oliveira Caio de Oliveira Bastos Caio de Oliveira Bastos Elena Almeida de Carvalho Bruno Duarte Gomes A mobile hybrid deep learning approach for classifying 3D-like representations of Amazonian lizards Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence hybrid machine learning 3D representations Amazonian lizards MobileNet species classification |
| title | A mobile hybrid deep learning approach for classifying 3D-like representations of Amazonian lizards |
| title_full | A mobile hybrid deep learning approach for classifying 3D-like representations of Amazonian lizards |
| title_fullStr | A mobile hybrid deep learning approach for classifying 3D-like representations of Amazonian lizards |
| title_full_unstemmed | A mobile hybrid deep learning approach for classifying 3D-like representations of Amazonian lizards |
| title_short | A mobile hybrid deep learning approach for classifying 3D-like representations of Amazonian lizards |
| title_sort | mobile hybrid deep learning approach for classifying 3d like representations of amazonian lizards |
| topic | hybrid machine learning 3D representations Amazonian lizards MobileNet species classification |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frai.2025.1524380/full |
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