Who Are the Targets of Deepfakes?

This study draws on a dataset of 1394 flagged deepfakes from YouTube and TikTok annotated by the race, gender, profession and nationality of the ‘targeted’ individuals. The findings indicate that, by stark contrast to pornographic sites, mainstream deepfakes overwhelmingly feature individuals who ar...

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Main Author: Carl Öhman
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: DIGSUM 2025-06-01
Series:Journal of Digital Social Research
Subjects:
Online Access:https://publicera.kb.se/jdsr/article/view/55529
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author Carl Öhman
author_facet Carl Öhman
author_sort Carl Öhman
collection DOAJ
description This study draws on a dataset of 1394 flagged deepfakes from YouTube and TikTok annotated by the race, gender, profession and nationality of the ‘targeted’ individuals. The findings indicate that, by stark contrast to pornographic sites, mainstream deepfakes overwhelmingly feature individuals who are white, male, and—when in politics—authoritarian. A complementary qualitative analysis suggests that very few videos have a political edge, even when featuring politicians. Instead, it is proposed that the chief function of mainstream deepfakes is to be seen as a carnivalesque (apolitical) profanation of the faces of power. These findings challenge previous studies on the demographics of deepfake targets and broaden the scope of the current literature by shedding further light on how AI-assisted video doctoring is used beyond porn and disinformation.
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spelling doaj-art-b1bcf32e2098467fb6c92f0e88cdba9f2025-08-20T02:33:43ZengDIGSUMJournal of Digital Social Research2003-19982025-06-017210.33621/jdsr.v7i255529Who Are the Targets of Deepfakes?Carl Öhman0Uppsala UniversityThis study draws on a dataset of 1394 flagged deepfakes from YouTube and TikTok annotated by the race, gender, profession and nationality of the ‘targeted’ individuals. The findings indicate that, by stark contrast to pornographic sites, mainstream deepfakes overwhelmingly feature individuals who are white, male, and—when in politics—authoritarian. A complementary qualitative analysis suggests that very few videos have a political edge, even when featuring politicians. Instead, it is proposed that the chief function of mainstream deepfakes is to be seen as a carnivalesque (apolitical) profanation of the faces of power. These findings challenge previous studies on the demographics of deepfake targets and broaden the scope of the current literature by shedding further light on how AI-assisted video doctoring is used beyond porn and disinformation.https://publicera.kb.se/jdsr/article/view/55529Deepfakesgenerative AITikTokYouTubeSocial mediaSatire
spellingShingle Carl Öhman
Who Are the Targets of Deepfakes?
Journal of Digital Social Research
Deepfakes
generative AI
TikTok
YouTube
Social media
Satire
title Who Are the Targets of Deepfakes?
title_full Who Are the Targets of Deepfakes?
title_fullStr Who Are the Targets of Deepfakes?
title_full_unstemmed Who Are the Targets of Deepfakes?
title_short Who Are the Targets of Deepfakes?
title_sort who are the targets of deepfakes
topic Deepfakes
generative AI
TikTok
YouTube
Social media
Satire
url https://publicera.kb.se/jdsr/article/view/55529
work_keys_str_mv AT carlohman whoarethetargetsofdeepfakes