Risk factors and effectiveness of vaccination for nosocomial SARS-CoV-2 acquisition throughout the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic
Abstract Background Studies elucidating the risk factors for nosocomial SARS-CoV-2 infections or assessing effectiveness of vaccination on acquisition prevention throughout the pandemic period are scarce. Here, we aimed to identify individual- and care-related risk factors and study the association...
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BMC
2025-08-01
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| Series: | BMC Infectious Diseases |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-025-11349-9 |
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| author | Nishi Dave Suzanne D. van der Werff Daniel Sjöholm Johan Zetterqvist Pontus Nauclér |
| author_facet | Nishi Dave Suzanne D. van der Werff Daniel Sjöholm Johan Zetterqvist Pontus Nauclér |
| author_sort | Nishi Dave |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Background Studies elucidating the risk factors for nosocomial SARS-CoV-2 infections or assessing effectiveness of vaccination on acquisition prevention throughout the pandemic period are scarce. Here, we aimed to identify individual- and care-related risk factors and study the association between vaccination and risk of infection for nosocomial SARS-CoV-2 infections. Methods We performed a nested case-control study of patients aged ≥ 18 years hospitalised in Region Stockholm, between 1 March 2020 -15 November 2023. Each case was matched to up to 10 controls, on admission date, time period, and length of stay. Individual factors of sex, age, region of birth, education level, comorbidities and care-related factors such as number of transfers during care episode, surgery status, type of hospital unit and hospitals in the region were assessed. Vaccine effectiveness was assessed for number of doses and time since last vaccination. Conditional logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratio for risk factors and vaccine effectiveness. Results Among 2711 cases and 27,065 matched controls, older age (90 + years: 4.11 [2.71–6.23]), male sex (1.11 [1.02–1.21]) and chronic lung disease (1.25 [1.12 to 1.40]) were associated with increased odds of nosocomial infection. Among care-related factors, admission to geriatric hospital units (1.54 [1.26–1.89]) and increased number of transfers (2 + transfers: 2.48 [1.89–2.34]) were associated with higher odds. Overall, while vaccination with 2 or more doses and any time since last dose compared to being unvaccinated was associated with lower odds of infections, we observed that vaccination with 3 doses (aOR: 0.55, 95% CI: 0.46–0.67), and those with their latest dose administered within the last 3 months had the lowest odds of infection (aOR: 0.48, 95% CI: 0.39 to 0.59). Conclusions We demonstrated that vaccination is effective in reducing the risk of nosocomial SARS-CoV-2 infection, and preventive measures during early phases of pandemics should focus on high-risk patient groups. Risk of infection can be further reduced by focusing on high-risk areas within hospital settings and by reducing patient transfers during their care episode. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-b193fa0dee264fefa33fc81c224eae5e |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1471-2334 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-08-01 |
| publisher | BMC |
| record_format | Article |
| series | BMC Infectious Diseases |
| spelling | doaj-art-b193fa0dee264fefa33fc81c224eae5e2025-08-24T11:09:56ZengBMCBMC Infectious Diseases1471-23342025-08-0125111010.1186/s12879-025-11349-9Risk factors and effectiveness of vaccination for nosocomial SARS-CoV-2 acquisition throughout the SARS-CoV-2 pandemicNishi Dave0Suzanne D. van der Werff1Daniel Sjöholm2Johan Zetterqvist3Pontus Nauclér4Department of Medicine, Solna, Division of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska InstitutetDepartment of Medicine, Solna, Division of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska InstitutetDepartment of Medicine, Solna, Clinical Epidemiology Division, Karolinska InstitutetDepartment of Medicine, Solna, Division of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska InstitutetDepartment of Medicine, Solna, Division of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska InstitutetAbstract Background Studies elucidating the risk factors for nosocomial SARS-CoV-2 infections or assessing effectiveness of vaccination on acquisition prevention throughout the pandemic period are scarce. Here, we aimed to identify individual- and care-related risk factors and study the association between vaccination and risk of infection for nosocomial SARS-CoV-2 infections. Methods We performed a nested case-control study of patients aged ≥ 18 years hospitalised in Region Stockholm, between 1 March 2020 -15 November 2023. Each case was matched to up to 10 controls, on admission date, time period, and length of stay. Individual factors of sex, age, region of birth, education level, comorbidities and care-related factors such as number of transfers during care episode, surgery status, type of hospital unit and hospitals in the region were assessed. Vaccine effectiveness was assessed for number of doses and time since last vaccination. Conditional logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratio for risk factors and vaccine effectiveness. Results Among 2711 cases and 27,065 matched controls, older age (90 + years: 4.11 [2.71–6.23]), male sex (1.11 [1.02–1.21]) and chronic lung disease (1.25 [1.12 to 1.40]) were associated with increased odds of nosocomial infection. Among care-related factors, admission to geriatric hospital units (1.54 [1.26–1.89]) and increased number of transfers (2 + transfers: 2.48 [1.89–2.34]) were associated with higher odds. Overall, while vaccination with 2 or more doses and any time since last dose compared to being unvaccinated was associated with lower odds of infections, we observed that vaccination with 3 doses (aOR: 0.55, 95% CI: 0.46–0.67), and those with their latest dose administered within the last 3 months had the lowest odds of infection (aOR: 0.48, 95% CI: 0.39 to 0.59). Conclusions We demonstrated that vaccination is effective in reducing the risk of nosocomial SARS-CoV-2 infection, and preventive measures during early phases of pandemics should focus on high-risk patient groups. Risk of infection can be further reduced by focusing on high-risk areas within hospital settings and by reducing patient transfers during their care episode.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-025-11349-9Nosocomial infectionSARS-CoV-2Risk factorsVaccine effectivenessNested case-control |
| spellingShingle | Nishi Dave Suzanne D. van der Werff Daniel Sjöholm Johan Zetterqvist Pontus Nauclér Risk factors and effectiveness of vaccination for nosocomial SARS-CoV-2 acquisition throughout the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic BMC Infectious Diseases Nosocomial infection SARS-CoV-2 Risk factors Vaccine effectiveness Nested case-control |
| title | Risk factors and effectiveness of vaccination for nosocomial SARS-CoV-2 acquisition throughout the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic |
| title_full | Risk factors and effectiveness of vaccination for nosocomial SARS-CoV-2 acquisition throughout the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic |
| title_fullStr | Risk factors and effectiveness of vaccination for nosocomial SARS-CoV-2 acquisition throughout the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic |
| title_full_unstemmed | Risk factors and effectiveness of vaccination for nosocomial SARS-CoV-2 acquisition throughout the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic |
| title_short | Risk factors and effectiveness of vaccination for nosocomial SARS-CoV-2 acquisition throughout the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic |
| title_sort | risk factors and effectiveness of vaccination for nosocomial sars cov 2 acquisition throughout the sars cov 2 pandemic |
| topic | Nosocomial infection SARS-CoV-2 Risk factors Vaccine effectiveness Nested case-control |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-025-11349-9 |
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