An investigation into hydrological response to urbanization in the Loess Plateau, China: Does urban expansion only boost flow?

Study region: The upper and middle reaches of the Wei River basin (U&M-WR) in Loess Plateau of China. Study focus: This research applies the modified Patch-generating Land Use Simulation (PLUS) model to simulate urbanization dynamics, particularly the conversion from Agricultural Land (AGRL) to...

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Main Authors: Congcong Yao, Hongbo Zhang, Vijay P. Singh, Xiaowei Zhao, Fengguang Lyu, Yu Zhang, Shangdong Liu, Chiheng Dang
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Elsevier 2025-10-01
Series:Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies
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Online Access:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214581825004884
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author Congcong Yao
Hongbo Zhang
Vijay P. Singh
Xiaowei Zhao
Fengguang Lyu
Yu Zhang
Shangdong Liu
Chiheng Dang
author_facet Congcong Yao
Hongbo Zhang
Vijay P. Singh
Xiaowei Zhao
Fengguang Lyu
Yu Zhang
Shangdong Liu
Chiheng Dang
author_sort Congcong Yao
collection DOAJ
description Study region: The upper and middle reaches of the Wei River basin (U&M-WR) in Loess Plateau of China. Study focus: This research applies the modified Patch-generating Land Use Simulation (PLUS) model to simulate urbanization dynamics, particularly the conversion from Agricultural Land (AGRL) to High-density Urban Residential Land (URHD), and the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) to investigate multi-dimensional hydrological impacts of urban expansion in river valley regions, focusing on quantifying urbanization-induced runoff depth changes and identifying the geospatial drivers, assessing shifts in streamflow quantiles and extreme streamflow, and examining impacts on streamflow components and generation mechanisms. New hydrological insights for the region: Urbanization increases the watershed's multi-year average runoff depth. The change in runoff depth caused by per-unit URHD increase (RDC_PU) decreases with higher regional topographic relief, average slope, and maximum elevation. Shifting from discrete to intensive urban expansion increases RDC_PU. Urbanization increases daily/monthly streamflow below the 60 %/65 % quantile but decreases them above those thresholds. It also exacerbates extreme events, with maximum urbanization boosting 100-year floods by 46 % and reducing 95 % dry flows by 26 %. Higher surface flow, alongside reduced lateral flow and groundwater flow, shifts runoff generation toward over-infiltration. These findings emphasize geomorphology's role in shaping hydrological responses to urbanization and offer vital insights for water management, flood and drought disaster mitigation, and urban land use planning in global river valley regions.
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spelling doaj-art-b14534bbecdb45a59160a8f464809ae82025-08-20T03:56:14ZengElsevierJournal of Hydrology: Regional Studies2214-58182025-10-016110265910.1016/j.ejrh.2025.102659An investigation into hydrological response to urbanization in the Loess Plateau, China: Does urban expansion only boost flow?Congcong Yao0Hongbo Zhang1Vijay P. Singh2Xiaowei Zhao3Fengguang Lyu4Yu Zhang5Shangdong Liu6Chiheng Dang7School of Water and Environment, Chang’an University, Xi’an 710054, China; Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effect in Arid Region of Ministry of Education, Chang’an University, Xi’an 710054, ChinaSchool of Water and Environment, Chang’an University, Xi’an 710054, China; Key Laboratory of Eco-hydrology and Water Security in Arid and Semi-arid Regions of the Ministry of Water Resources, Chang’an University, Xi’an 710054, China; Corresponding author: School of Water and Environment, Chang’an University, Xi’an 710054, China.Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering & Zachry Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843, USASchool of Water and Environment, Chang’an University, Xi’an 710054, China; Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effect in Arid Region of Ministry of Education, Chang’an University, Xi’an 710054, ChinaSchool of Water and Environment, Chang’an University, Xi’an 710054, China; Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effect in Arid Region of Ministry of Education, Chang’an University, Xi’an 710054, ChinaSchool of Water and Environment, Chang’an University, Xi’an 710054, China; Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effect in Arid Region of Ministry of Education, Chang’an University, Xi’an 710054, ChinaSchool of Water and Environment, Chang’an University, Xi’an 710054, China; Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effect in Arid Region of Ministry of Education, Chang’an University, Xi’an 710054, ChinaSchool of Water and Environment, Chang’an University, Xi’an 710054, China; Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effect in Arid Region of Ministry of Education, Chang’an University, Xi’an 710054, ChinaStudy region: The upper and middle reaches of the Wei River basin (U&M-WR) in Loess Plateau of China. Study focus: This research applies the modified Patch-generating Land Use Simulation (PLUS) model to simulate urbanization dynamics, particularly the conversion from Agricultural Land (AGRL) to High-density Urban Residential Land (URHD), and the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) to investigate multi-dimensional hydrological impacts of urban expansion in river valley regions, focusing on quantifying urbanization-induced runoff depth changes and identifying the geospatial drivers, assessing shifts in streamflow quantiles and extreme streamflow, and examining impacts on streamflow components and generation mechanisms. New hydrological insights for the region: Urbanization increases the watershed's multi-year average runoff depth. The change in runoff depth caused by per-unit URHD increase (RDC_PU) decreases with higher regional topographic relief, average slope, and maximum elevation. Shifting from discrete to intensive urban expansion increases RDC_PU. Urbanization increases daily/monthly streamflow below the 60 %/65 % quantile but decreases them above those thresholds. It also exacerbates extreme events, with maximum urbanization boosting 100-year floods by 46 % and reducing 95 % dry flows by 26 %. Higher surface flow, alongside reduced lateral flow and groundwater flow, shifts runoff generation toward over-infiltration. These findings emphasize geomorphology's role in shaping hydrological responses to urbanization and offer vital insights for water management, flood and drought disaster mitigation, and urban land use planning in global river valley regions.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214581825004884Urban expansionHydrological changePLUS modelSWAT modelThe Wei River Basin
spellingShingle Congcong Yao
Hongbo Zhang
Vijay P. Singh
Xiaowei Zhao
Fengguang Lyu
Yu Zhang
Shangdong Liu
Chiheng Dang
An investigation into hydrological response to urbanization in the Loess Plateau, China: Does urban expansion only boost flow?
Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies
Urban expansion
Hydrological change
PLUS model
SWAT model
The Wei River Basin
title An investigation into hydrological response to urbanization in the Loess Plateau, China: Does urban expansion only boost flow?
title_full An investigation into hydrological response to urbanization in the Loess Plateau, China: Does urban expansion only boost flow?
title_fullStr An investigation into hydrological response to urbanization in the Loess Plateau, China: Does urban expansion only boost flow?
title_full_unstemmed An investigation into hydrological response to urbanization in the Loess Plateau, China: Does urban expansion only boost flow?
title_short An investigation into hydrological response to urbanization in the Loess Plateau, China: Does urban expansion only boost flow?
title_sort investigation into hydrological response to urbanization in the loess plateau china does urban expansion only boost flow
topic Urban expansion
Hydrological change
PLUS model
SWAT model
The Wei River Basin
url http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214581825004884
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