Nanoemulsion-based delivery system of tamanu (Calophyllum inophyllum L.) oil: Formulation, characterization, and antibacterial activity
Acne is a common skin disorder caused by chronic inflammation of the pilosebaceous unit, primarily triggered by Cutibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Tamanu (Calophyllum inophyllum L.) oil is known for its antibacterial properties, attributed to its active constituent, calophyllolide....
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| Main Authors: | , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Pensoft Publishers
2025-06-01
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| Series: | Pharmacia |
| Online Access: | https://pharmacia.pensoft.net/article/153246/download/pdf/ |
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| Summary: | Acne is a common skin disorder caused by chronic inflammation of the pilosebaceous unit, primarily triggered by Cutibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Tamanu (Calophyllum inophyllum L.) oil is known for its antibacterial properties, attributed to its active constituent, calophyllolide. However, its hydrophobic nature and limited skin penetration reduce its therapeutic effectiveness. To enhance its bioavailability and antibacterial activity, a nanoemulsion formulation was developed. Tamanu oil nanoemulsions were prepared using high-energy emulsification with varying concentrations of Tween 80 (F1 = 17.5%, F2 = 23.33%, F3 = 20%, F4 = 26.67%, F5 = 22.5%, F6 = 30%) and PEG-400 (F1 = 17.5%, F2 = 11.67%, F3 = 20%, F4 = 13.33%, F5 = 22.5%, F6 = 15%) as surfactants. The optimal formulation (F6) contained Tween 80 (30%), PEG-400 (15%), and tamanu oil at a concentration of 3%. The physicochemical properties, including globule size, polydispersity index (PDI), and physical stability were evaluated. Antibacterial activity was assessed using the agar diffusion method against Cutibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis. The optimized nanoemulsion exhibited a globule size of 11.0 ± 0.252 nm, a PDI of 0.09 ± 0.05, and excellent physical stability. Antibacterial testing revealed that pure tamanu oil produced inhibition zones of 16.25 mm for Cutibacterium acnes and 17.50 mm for Staphylococcus epidermidis at a tamanu oil concentration of 3%. The nanoemulsion formulation (F6) demonstrated enhanced antibacterial efficacy, with inhibition zones increasing to 18.75 mm for Cutibacterium acnes and 19.50 mm for Staphylococcus epidermidis. While these values surpassed those of the pure oil, they remained lower than the clindamycin control, which produced inhibition zones of 21.10 mm and 22.97 mm respectively. These findings suggest that nanoemulsification significantly enhances the antibacterial potency and stability of tamanu oil, making it a promising candidate for acne treatment and skincare applications. Further studies on its in vivo efficacy and safety profile could facilitate its development as a novel pharmaceutical or cosmetic product. |
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| ISSN: | 2603-557X |