Predicting the Magnitude of Earthquakes Using Grammatical Evolution

Throughout history, human societies have sought to explain natural phenomena through the lens of mythology. Earthquakes, as sudden and often devastating events, have inspired a range of symbolic and mythological interpretations across different civilizations. It was not until the 18th and 19th centu...

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Main Authors: Constantina Kopitsa, Ioannis G. Tsoulos, Vasileios Charilogis
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-07-01
Series:Algorithms
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/18/7/405
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author Constantina Kopitsa
Ioannis G. Tsoulos
Vasileios Charilogis
author_facet Constantina Kopitsa
Ioannis G. Tsoulos
Vasileios Charilogis
author_sort Constantina Kopitsa
collection DOAJ
description Throughout history, human societies have sought to explain natural phenomena through the lens of mythology. Earthquakes, as sudden and often devastating events, have inspired a range of symbolic and mythological interpretations across different civilizations. It was not until the 18th and 19th centuries that a more positivist and scientific approach began to emerge regarding the explanation of earthquakes, recognizing their origin as stemming from processes occurring beneath the Earth’s surface. A pivotal moment in the emergence of modern seismology was the Lisbon earthquake of 1755, which marked a significant shift towards scientific inquiry. This means that the question of how earthquakes occur has been resolved; thanks to advancements in scientific, geological, and geophysical research, it is now well understood that seismic events result from the collision and movement of lithospheric or tectonic plates. The contemporary challenge that emerges, however, lies in whether such seismic phenomena can be accurately predicted. In this paper, a systematic attempt is made to use techniques based on Grammatical Evolution to determine the magnitude of earthquakes. These techniques use freely available data in which the history of large earthquakes is introduced before the application of the proposed techniques. From the execution of the experiments, it has become clear that the use of these techniques can allow for more effective estimation of the magnitude of earthquakes compared to other machine learning techniques from the relevant literature.
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spelling doaj-art-b10b2201cec64c2cbb617fbc083a599e2025-08-20T03:55:49ZengMDPI AGAlgorithms1999-48932025-07-0118740510.3390/a18070405Predicting the Magnitude of Earthquakes Using Grammatical EvolutionConstantina Kopitsa0Ioannis G. Tsoulos1Vasileios Charilogis2Department of Informatics and Telecommunications, University of Ioannina, 451 10 Ioannina, GreeceDepartment of Informatics and Telecommunications, University of Ioannina, 451 10 Ioannina, GreeceDepartment of Informatics and Telecommunications, University of Ioannina, 451 10 Ioannina, GreeceThroughout history, human societies have sought to explain natural phenomena through the lens of mythology. Earthquakes, as sudden and often devastating events, have inspired a range of symbolic and mythological interpretations across different civilizations. It was not until the 18th and 19th centuries that a more positivist and scientific approach began to emerge regarding the explanation of earthquakes, recognizing their origin as stemming from processes occurring beneath the Earth’s surface. A pivotal moment in the emergence of modern seismology was the Lisbon earthquake of 1755, which marked a significant shift towards scientific inquiry. This means that the question of how earthquakes occur has been resolved; thanks to advancements in scientific, geological, and geophysical research, it is now well understood that seismic events result from the collision and movement of lithospheric or tectonic plates. The contemporary challenge that emerges, however, lies in whether such seismic phenomena can be accurately predicted. In this paper, a systematic attempt is made to use techniques based on Grammatical Evolution to determine the magnitude of earthquakes. These techniques use freely available data in which the history of large earthquakes is introduced before the application of the proposed techniques. From the execution of the experiments, it has become clear that the use of these techniques can allow for more effective estimation of the magnitude of earthquakes compared to other machine learning techniques from the relevant literature.https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/18/7/405earthquakesmachine learningevolutionary computationgrammatical evolution
spellingShingle Constantina Kopitsa
Ioannis G. Tsoulos
Vasileios Charilogis
Predicting the Magnitude of Earthquakes Using Grammatical Evolution
Algorithms
earthquakes
machine learning
evolutionary computation
grammatical evolution
title Predicting the Magnitude of Earthquakes Using Grammatical Evolution
title_full Predicting the Magnitude of Earthquakes Using Grammatical Evolution
title_fullStr Predicting the Magnitude of Earthquakes Using Grammatical Evolution
title_full_unstemmed Predicting the Magnitude of Earthquakes Using Grammatical Evolution
title_short Predicting the Magnitude of Earthquakes Using Grammatical Evolution
title_sort predicting the magnitude of earthquakes using grammatical evolution
topic earthquakes
machine learning
evolutionary computation
grammatical evolution
url https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/18/7/405
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