Airborne Cyanobacterial Toxins and Their Links to Neurodegenerative Diseases
Cyanobacteria can produce a wide range of toxins which have acute and chronic adverse health effects. Affecting a variety of mammalian systems, they are generally characterized according to their mode of action and the organs affected. Cyanobacterial neurotoxins are one cyanotoxin class that can neg...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2025-05-01
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| Series: | Molecules |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/30/11/2320 |
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| author | Zachary James Morris Elijah W. Stommel James Spencer Metcalf |
| author_facet | Zachary James Morris Elijah W. Stommel James Spencer Metcalf |
| author_sort | Zachary James Morris |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Cyanobacteria can produce a wide range of toxins which have acute and chronic adverse health effects. Affecting a variety of mammalian systems, they are generally characterized according to their mode of action and the organs affected. Cyanobacterial neurotoxins are one cyanotoxin class that can negatively affect human health, and representatives of other cyanotoxins classes are increasingly showing neurotoxic effects. Of the various human exposure routes to cyanobacterial toxins, the significance of the airborne and inhalation route requires much greater clarity and understanding. People may be exposed to mixtures of cyanobacterial neurotoxins through the inhalation of sprays and dust, along with the potential to directly enter the central nervous system when crossing the blood-brain barrier. This review aims to summarize the current state of knowledge concerning airborne cyanobacterial neurotoxins, research gaps, health effects, and the need for management practices to protect human and animal health. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-b0dabfa8c0d64a8f83620c1a23528715 |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 1420-3049 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Molecules |
| spelling | doaj-art-b0dabfa8c0d64a8f83620c1a235287152025-08-20T03:11:22ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492025-05-013011232010.3390/molecules30112320Airborne Cyanobacterial Toxins and Their Links to Neurodegenerative DiseasesZachary James Morris0Elijah W. Stommel1James Spencer Metcalf2Department of Biological Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH 43403, USADepartment of Neurology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH 03756, USADepartment of Biological Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH 43403, USACyanobacteria can produce a wide range of toxins which have acute and chronic adverse health effects. Affecting a variety of mammalian systems, they are generally characterized according to their mode of action and the organs affected. Cyanobacterial neurotoxins are one cyanotoxin class that can negatively affect human health, and representatives of other cyanotoxins classes are increasingly showing neurotoxic effects. Of the various human exposure routes to cyanobacterial toxins, the significance of the airborne and inhalation route requires much greater clarity and understanding. People may be exposed to mixtures of cyanobacterial neurotoxins through the inhalation of sprays and dust, along with the potential to directly enter the central nervous system when crossing the blood-brain barrier. This review aims to summarize the current state of knowledge concerning airborne cyanobacterial neurotoxins, research gaps, health effects, and the need for management practices to protect human and animal health.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/30/11/2320cyanobacteriacyanotoxinmicrocystinbeta-N-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA)2,4-diaminobutyric acid (DAB)N-(2-aminoethyl)glycine (AEG) |
| spellingShingle | Zachary James Morris Elijah W. Stommel James Spencer Metcalf Airborne Cyanobacterial Toxins and Their Links to Neurodegenerative Diseases Molecules cyanobacteria cyanotoxin microcystin beta-N-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA) 2,4-diaminobutyric acid (DAB) N-(2-aminoethyl)glycine (AEG) |
| title | Airborne Cyanobacterial Toxins and Their Links to Neurodegenerative Diseases |
| title_full | Airborne Cyanobacterial Toxins and Their Links to Neurodegenerative Diseases |
| title_fullStr | Airborne Cyanobacterial Toxins and Their Links to Neurodegenerative Diseases |
| title_full_unstemmed | Airborne Cyanobacterial Toxins and Their Links to Neurodegenerative Diseases |
| title_short | Airborne Cyanobacterial Toxins and Their Links to Neurodegenerative Diseases |
| title_sort | airborne cyanobacterial toxins and their links to neurodegenerative diseases |
| topic | cyanobacteria cyanotoxin microcystin beta-N-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA) 2,4-diaminobutyric acid (DAB) N-(2-aminoethyl)glycine (AEG) |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/30/11/2320 |
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