Socioeconomic Status and Child Maltreatment: A Critical Literature Review

A robust body of research examines the association between socioeconomic status (SES), particularly its economic dimension, income poverty, and child maltreatment rates. However, several key questions regarding this relationship remain underexplored. Utilizing a critical literature review, this arti...

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Main Authors: Hamed Nazari, James C. Oleson, Irene De Haan
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-05-01
Series:Social Sciences
Subjects:
Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0760/14/6/331
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author Hamed Nazari
James C. Oleson
Irene De Haan
author_facet Hamed Nazari
James C. Oleson
Irene De Haan
author_sort Hamed Nazari
collection DOAJ
description A robust body of research examines the association between socioeconomic status (SES), particularly its economic dimension, income poverty, and child maltreatment rates. However, several key questions regarding this relationship remain underexplored. Utilizing a critical literature review, this article finds that some forms of child maltreatment (i.e., sexual abuse) do not correlate with income poverty. Moreover, evidence about the effects of other dimensions of SES, including employment and education is not monolithic. The complexity of this relationship is further influenced by the data source and unit of analysis. Studies using administrative data and analyzing SES at the family or household level frequently report a strong correlation between SES and child maltreatment. However, this relationship weakens (or in some cases disappears) when examined at the neighborhood or regional level using self-report data. Our findings also suggest that the overrepresentation of minority groups in child maltreatment statistics can be, at least in part, attributed to economic disadvantages. Furthermore, social cohesion appears to buffer the effects of income poverty and material hardship, highlighting the role of inequality in weakening social networks and exacerbating socioeconomic stressors. A developing body of literature demonstrates the link between income inequality and child maltreatment rates and indicates that policies aimed at addressing the impact of SES on child maltreatment should not only focus on alleviating poverty-related factors, such as material hardship, unemployment, and housing instability, but also target broader class disparities as the common root of many social problems.
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spelling doaj-art-b0b8086fdb9b462fa60e2ae36fe2dee42025-08-20T03:29:48ZengMDPI AGSocial Sciences2076-07602025-05-0114633110.3390/socsci14060331Socioeconomic Status and Child Maltreatment: A Critical Literature ReviewHamed Nazari0James C. Oleson1Irene De Haan2School of Social Sciences, University of Auckland, B201, 10 Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New ZealandSchool of Social Sciences, University of Auckland, B201, 10 Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New ZealandSchool of Counselling, Human Services and Social Work, University of Auckland, B201, 10 Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New ZealandA robust body of research examines the association between socioeconomic status (SES), particularly its economic dimension, income poverty, and child maltreatment rates. However, several key questions regarding this relationship remain underexplored. Utilizing a critical literature review, this article finds that some forms of child maltreatment (i.e., sexual abuse) do not correlate with income poverty. Moreover, evidence about the effects of other dimensions of SES, including employment and education is not monolithic. The complexity of this relationship is further influenced by the data source and unit of analysis. Studies using administrative data and analyzing SES at the family or household level frequently report a strong correlation between SES and child maltreatment. However, this relationship weakens (or in some cases disappears) when examined at the neighborhood or regional level using self-report data. Our findings also suggest that the overrepresentation of minority groups in child maltreatment statistics can be, at least in part, attributed to economic disadvantages. Furthermore, social cohesion appears to buffer the effects of income poverty and material hardship, highlighting the role of inequality in weakening social networks and exacerbating socioeconomic stressors. A developing body of literature demonstrates the link between income inequality and child maltreatment rates and indicates that policies aimed at addressing the impact of SES on child maltreatment should not only focus on alleviating poverty-related factors, such as material hardship, unemployment, and housing instability, but also target broader class disparities as the common root of many social problems.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0760/14/6/331child maltreatmentchild protectionsocioeconomic statuspovertyinequalityclass
spellingShingle Hamed Nazari
James C. Oleson
Irene De Haan
Socioeconomic Status and Child Maltreatment: A Critical Literature Review
Social Sciences
child maltreatment
child protection
socioeconomic status
poverty
inequality
class
title Socioeconomic Status and Child Maltreatment: A Critical Literature Review
title_full Socioeconomic Status and Child Maltreatment: A Critical Literature Review
title_fullStr Socioeconomic Status and Child Maltreatment: A Critical Literature Review
title_full_unstemmed Socioeconomic Status and Child Maltreatment: A Critical Literature Review
title_short Socioeconomic Status and Child Maltreatment: A Critical Literature Review
title_sort socioeconomic status and child maltreatment a critical literature review
topic child maltreatment
child protection
socioeconomic status
poverty
inequality
class
url https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0760/14/6/331
work_keys_str_mv AT hamednazari socioeconomicstatusandchildmaltreatmentacriticalliteraturereview
AT jamescoleson socioeconomicstatusandchildmaltreatmentacriticalliteraturereview
AT irenedehaan socioeconomicstatusandchildmaltreatmentacriticalliteraturereview