Risk of Insulin Resistance: Comparison of the Commerce vs. Industry Sector and Associated Variables
Background: Insulin resistance (IR) is a key metabolic alteration that precedes type 2 diabetes and is closely linked to obesity and lifestyle factors. Occupational context may influence IR risk through variations in physical activity, diet, and socioeconomic determinants. Objective: To compare the...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2025-05-01
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9721/13/5/150 |
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| author | María Pilar Fernández-Figares Vicioso Pere Riutord Sbert Ángel Arturo López-González José Ignacio Ramírez-Manent José Luis del Barrio Fernández María Teófila Vicente Herrero |
| author_facet | María Pilar Fernández-Figares Vicioso Pere Riutord Sbert Ángel Arturo López-González José Ignacio Ramírez-Manent José Luis del Barrio Fernández María Teófila Vicente Herrero |
| author_sort | María Pilar Fernández-Figares Vicioso |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Background: Insulin resistance (IR) is a key metabolic alteration that precedes type 2 diabetes and is closely linked to obesity and lifestyle factors. Occupational context may influence IR risk through variations in physical activity, diet, and socioeconomic determinants. Objective: To compare the risk of insulin resistance between workers in the commerce and industry sectors and identify associated sociodemographic and lifestyle factors, in order to improve their occupational health. Methods: This cross-sectional study analyzed data from 56,856 Spanish workers, assessing four IR-related indices: Triglyceride-Glucose Index (TyG), TyG-BMI (Triglyceride-Glucose Body Mass Index), Metabolic Score for Insulin Resistance (METS-IR), and the Single-Point Insulin Sensitivity Estimator (SPISE-IR). The analysis was stratified by sex and sector (commerce vs. industry) and included assessments of age, education level, physical activity, adherence to the Mediterranean diet, and smoking status. Multinomial logistic regressions were performed to determine the factors associated with high IR scores. Results: Across all IR indicators, industry workers—particularly men—presented higher mean values and greater prevalence of high-risk scores compared to those in commerce. Women showed lower values overall but also reflected sector-based differences. In both sexes, non-physical activity, non-adherence to the Mediterranean diet, and smoking were consistently associated with higher IR risk. Males exhibited significantly higher odds of elevated TyG (OR = 2.59, 95% CI: 2.41–2.78), while physical inactivity and poor diet emerged as the most powerful modifiable predictors across all scales (e.g., OR = 10.45 for TyG, OR = 12.33 for TyG-BMI). Industry sector was independently associated with higher odds of insulin resistance compared to commerce. Conclusions: Insulin resistance is more prevalent among industrial workers, especially men and those with unhealthy lifestyles. Occupational health strategies should target sector-specific risk profiles, emphasizing physical activity and dietary interventions. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-b082cd5fbf034075a5254b171936b0a2 |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2079-9721 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Diseases |
| spelling | doaj-art-b082cd5fbf034075a5254b171936b0a22025-08-20T02:33:52ZengMDPI AGDiseases2079-97212025-05-0113515010.3390/diseases13050150Risk of Insulin Resistance: Comparison of the Commerce vs. Industry Sector and Associated VariablesMaría Pilar Fernández-Figares Vicioso0Pere Riutord Sbert1Ángel Arturo López-González2José Ignacio Ramírez-Manent3José Luis del Barrio Fernández4María Teófila Vicente Herrero5Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome Group, Spanish Association of Specialists in Occupational Medicine, 28012 Madrid, SpainADEMA-Health Group of IUNICS, University of Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma, SpainObesity and Metabolic Syndrome Group, Spanish Association of Specialists in Occupational Medicine, 28012 Madrid, SpainADEMA-Health Group of IUNICS, University of Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma, SpainFaculty of Health Sciences, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28032 Madrid, SpainObesity and Metabolic Syndrome Group, Spanish Association of Specialists in Occupational Medicine, 28012 Madrid, SpainBackground: Insulin resistance (IR) is a key metabolic alteration that precedes type 2 diabetes and is closely linked to obesity and lifestyle factors. Occupational context may influence IR risk through variations in physical activity, diet, and socioeconomic determinants. Objective: To compare the risk of insulin resistance between workers in the commerce and industry sectors and identify associated sociodemographic and lifestyle factors, in order to improve their occupational health. Methods: This cross-sectional study analyzed data from 56,856 Spanish workers, assessing four IR-related indices: Triglyceride-Glucose Index (TyG), TyG-BMI (Triglyceride-Glucose Body Mass Index), Metabolic Score for Insulin Resistance (METS-IR), and the Single-Point Insulin Sensitivity Estimator (SPISE-IR). The analysis was stratified by sex and sector (commerce vs. industry) and included assessments of age, education level, physical activity, adherence to the Mediterranean diet, and smoking status. Multinomial logistic regressions were performed to determine the factors associated with high IR scores. Results: Across all IR indicators, industry workers—particularly men—presented higher mean values and greater prevalence of high-risk scores compared to those in commerce. Women showed lower values overall but also reflected sector-based differences. In both sexes, non-physical activity, non-adherence to the Mediterranean diet, and smoking were consistently associated with higher IR risk. Males exhibited significantly higher odds of elevated TyG (OR = 2.59, 95% CI: 2.41–2.78), while physical inactivity and poor diet emerged as the most powerful modifiable predictors across all scales (e.g., OR = 10.45 for TyG, OR = 12.33 for TyG-BMI). Industry sector was independently associated with higher odds of insulin resistance compared to commerce. Conclusions: Insulin resistance is more prevalent among industrial workers, especially men and those with unhealthy lifestyles. Occupational health strategies should target sector-specific risk profiles, emphasizing physical activity and dietary interventions.https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9721/13/5/150insulin resistancesociodemographic variablesMediterranean dietphysical activityoccupational health |
| spellingShingle | María Pilar Fernández-Figares Vicioso Pere Riutord Sbert Ángel Arturo López-González José Ignacio Ramírez-Manent José Luis del Barrio Fernández María Teófila Vicente Herrero Risk of Insulin Resistance: Comparison of the Commerce vs. Industry Sector and Associated Variables Diseases insulin resistance sociodemographic variables Mediterranean diet physical activity occupational health |
| title | Risk of Insulin Resistance: Comparison of the Commerce vs. Industry Sector and Associated Variables |
| title_full | Risk of Insulin Resistance: Comparison of the Commerce vs. Industry Sector and Associated Variables |
| title_fullStr | Risk of Insulin Resistance: Comparison of the Commerce vs. Industry Sector and Associated Variables |
| title_full_unstemmed | Risk of Insulin Resistance: Comparison of the Commerce vs. Industry Sector and Associated Variables |
| title_short | Risk of Insulin Resistance: Comparison of the Commerce vs. Industry Sector and Associated Variables |
| title_sort | risk of insulin resistance comparison of the commerce vs industry sector and associated variables |
| topic | insulin resistance sociodemographic variables Mediterranean diet physical activity occupational health |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9721/13/5/150 |
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