Do the gait domains change in PD patients with freezing of gait during their ‘interictal’ period?

Abstract Objectives Freezing of Gait (FOG) is one of the disabling symptoms in patients with Parkinson's Disease (PD). While it is difficult to early detect because of the sporadic occurrence of initial freezing events. Whether the characteristic of gait impairments in PD patients with FOG duri...

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Main Authors: Jiahao Zhao, Chen Liu, Ying Wan, Xiaobo Zhu, Lu Song, Zhenguo Liu, Jing Gan
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: BMC 2025-01-01
Series:BMC Geriatrics
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Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-024-05673-z
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author Jiahao Zhao
Chen Liu
Ying Wan
Xiaobo Zhu
Lu Song
Zhenguo Liu
Jing Gan
author_facet Jiahao Zhao
Chen Liu
Ying Wan
Xiaobo Zhu
Lu Song
Zhenguo Liu
Jing Gan
author_sort Jiahao Zhao
collection DOAJ
description Abstract Objectives Freezing of Gait (FOG) is one of the disabling symptoms in patients with Parkinson's Disease (PD). While it is difficult to early detect because of the sporadic occurrence of initial freezing events. Whether the characteristic of gait impairments in PD patients with FOG during the ‘interictal’ period is different from that in non-FOG patients is still unclear. Methods The gait parameters were measured by wearable inertial sensors. Exploratory factor analysis was used to investigate the inherent structure of diverse univariate gait parameters, with the aim of identifying shared characteristics among the gait variables. Results This cross-sectional study involved 68 controls and 245 PD patients (167 without FOG and 78 with FOG). The analysis yielded six distinct gait domains which were utilized to describe the impaired gait observed during the “interictal” period of FOG. Both PD-nFOG and PD-FOG groups exhibited significant impairments in the pace domain, kinematic domain, gait phase domain, and turning process domain compared to the healthy control. The gait phase domain was different in the PD-FOG group compared to the PD-nFOG group (p corrected = 0.004, Cohen's d = -0.46). And it was identified as independent risk factor for FOG (OR = 1.64, 95% CI = 1.05–2.55, p = 0.030), as well as other risk factors: gender (OR = 2.67, 95% CI = 1.19–5.99, p = 0.017), MDS-UPDRS IV score (OR = 1.23, 95% CI = 1.10–1.37, p < 0.001), and PIGD subscore (OR = 1.50, 95% CI = 1.30–1.73, p < 0.001). The model demonstrated a correct discrimination rate of 0.78 between PD-FOG and PD-nFOG, with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.87. Conclusions FOG was found to be associated with abnormal alterations in the gait phase domain during the interictal period. Models constructed using gait phase domain, PIGD subscore, gender, and severity of motor complications can better differentiate freezers from no-freezers during ‘interictal’ period.
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spelling doaj-art-b04b45dc42174789a13de7c8f4cca57e2025-08-20T03:11:07ZengBMCBMC Geriatrics1471-23182025-01-0125111510.1186/s12877-024-05673-zDo the gait domains change in PD patients with freezing of gait during their ‘interictal’ period?Jiahao Zhao0Chen Liu1Ying Wan2Xiaobo Zhu3Lu Song4Zhenguo Liu5Jing Gan6Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineDepartment of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineDepartment of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineDepartment of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineDepartment of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineDepartment of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineDepartment of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineAbstract Objectives Freezing of Gait (FOG) is one of the disabling symptoms in patients with Parkinson's Disease (PD). While it is difficult to early detect because of the sporadic occurrence of initial freezing events. Whether the characteristic of gait impairments in PD patients with FOG during the ‘interictal’ period is different from that in non-FOG patients is still unclear. Methods The gait parameters were measured by wearable inertial sensors. Exploratory factor analysis was used to investigate the inherent structure of diverse univariate gait parameters, with the aim of identifying shared characteristics among the gait variables. Results This cross-sectional study involved 68 controls and 245 PD patients (167 without FOG and 78 with FOG). The analysis yielded six distinct gait domains which were utilized to describe the impaired gait observed during the “interictal” period of FOG. Both PD-nFOG and PD-FOG groups exhibited significant impairments in the pace domain, kinematic domain, gait phase domain, and turning process domain compared to the healthy control. The gait phase domain was different in the PD-FOG group compared to the PD-nFOG group (p corrected = 0.004, Cohen's d = -0.46). And it was identified as independent risk factor for FOG (OR = 1.64, 95% CI = 1.05–2.55, p = 0.030), as well as other risk factors: gender (OR = 2.67, 95% CI = 1.19–5.99, p = 0.017), MDS-UPDRS IV score (OR = 1.23, 95% CI = 1.10–1.37, p < 0.001), and PIGD subscore (OR = 1.50, 95% CI = 1.30–1.73, p < 0.001). The model demonstrated a correct discrimination rate of 0.78 between PD-FOG and PD-nFOG, with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.87. Conclusions FOG was found to be associated with abnormal alterations in the gait phase domain during the interictal period. Models constructed using gait phase domain, PIGD subscore, gender, and severity of motor complications can better differentiate freezers from no-freezers during ‘interictal’ period.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-024-05673-zParkinson’s diseaseFreezing of gaitWearable inertial sensorExploratory factor analysisGait domain
spellingShingle Jiahao Zhao
Chen Liu
Ying Wan
Xiaobo Zhu
Lu Song
Zhenguo Liu
Jing Gan
Do the gait domains change in PD patients with freezing of gait during their ‘interictal’ period?
BMC Geriatrics
Parkinson’s disease
Freezing of gait
Wearable inertial sensor
Exploratory factor analysis
Gait domain
title Do the gait domains change in PD patients with freezing of gait during their ‘interictal’ period?
title_full Do the gait domains change in PD patients with freezing of gait during their ‘interictal’ period?
title_fullStr Do the gait domains change in PD patients with freezing of gait during their ‘interictal’ period?
title_full_unstemmed Do the gait domains change in PD patients with freezing of gait during their ‘interictal’ period?
title_short Do the gait domains change in PD patients with freezing of gait during their ‘interictal’ period?
title_sort do the gait domains change in pd patients with freezing of gait during their interictal period
topic Parkinson’s disease
Freezing of gait
Wearable inertial sensor
Exploratory factor analysis
Gait domain
url https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-024-05673-z
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