Schematic Assessment of Different Mouthrinses (Chlorhexidine, Herbal, Fluoride) on Oral Microbiota Composition: A Meta-Analysis Perspective
Background: The oral microbiota helps keep your mouth and body healthy, and the regular use of mouthrinses can change its makeup. The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the ways that chlorhexidine, herbal, and fluoride-containing mouthrinses change the makeup and variety of oral micr...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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ziauddin University
2025-07-01
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| Series: | Pakistan Journal of Medicine and Dentistry |
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| Online Access: | https://ojs.zu.edu.pk/pjmd/article/view/3841 |
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| author | Muneer Ahmed Muhammad Akram Ramzan Syeda Sana Batool Shahzeb Azam Aman Ullah Siddiqui |
| author_facet | Muneer Ahmed Muhammad Akram Ramzan Syeda Sana Batool Shahzeb Azam Aman Ullah Siddiqui |
| author_sort | Muneer Ahmed |
| collection | DOAJ |
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Background: The oral microbiota helps keep your mouth and body healthy, and the regular use of mouthrinses can change its makeup. The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the ways that chlorhexidine, herbal, and fluoride-containing mouthrinses change the makeup and variety of oral microbiota.
Methods: A search was carried out on PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar for studies published between 2014 and 2024. Only studies that tested chlorhexidine, herbal, or fluoride mouthrinses on human participants by means of randomized trials or observational studies were included. Changes in microbial diversity (such as α-diversity) and the proportions of major taxa were the primary outcomes studied. The quality of the studies was assessed using both the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool and the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale.
Results: Twelve studies were selected for inclusion in the review according to the criteria. The pooled SMD value was −1.32 (95% CI: −2.80 to 0.17; p = 0.083), which suggests there is no statistically significant effect of experimental mouthrinses on microbial levels. The results showed great variability (I² = 96.4%; p < 0.0001), possibly because of the variety in study design, type of mouth rinse, and methods used to assess microbiota. Sensitivity analysis found that the results were not heavily swayed by any one study. Even though six studies observed a decrease in microbes, mainly as a result of chlorhexidine.
Discussion: There are differences in how mouthrinses influence oral bacteria. Although chlorhexidine can help reduce pathogenic species, it is linked to microbial dysbiosis.
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| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-b04775d2cab547da9f7ea90239d64a5c |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2313-7371 2308-2593 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-07-01 |
| publisher | ziauddin University |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Pakistan Journal of Medicine and Dentistry |
| spelling | doaj-art-b04775d2cab547da9f7ea90239d64a5c2025-08-20T03:08:32Zengziauddin UniversityPakistan Journal of Medicine and Dentistry2313-73712308-25932025-07-0114310.36283/ziun-pjmd14-3/060Schematic Assessment of Different Mouthrinses (Chlorhexidine, Herbal, Fluoride) on Oral Microbiota Composition: A Meta-Analysis PerspectiveMuneer Ahmed0Muhammad Akram Ramzan 1https://orcid.org/0009-0000-5406-0760Syeda Sana Batool2Shahzeb Azam3Aman Ullah Siddiqui4Baqai Medical University , Karachi, Sindh ,Pakistan.Northern Border University, Arar, Saudi Arabia, KSA.Isra University ,Hyderabad, Pakistan.Isra Dental College, Hyderabad, Pakistan.Bhitai Dental and Medical College, Mirpurkhas, Sindh, Pakistan. Background: The oral microbiota helps keep your mouth and body healthy, and the regular use of mouthrinses can change its makeup. The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the ways that chlorhexidine, herbal, and fluoride-containing mouthrinses change the makeup and variety of oral microbiota. Methods: A search was carried out on PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar for studies published between 2014 and 2024. Only studies that tested chlorhexidine, herbal, or fluoride mouthrinses on human participants by means of randomized trials or observational studies were included. Changes in microbial diversity (such as α-diversity) and the proportions of major taxa were the primary outcomes studied. The quality of the studies was assessed using both the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool and the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Results: Twelve studies were selected for inclusion in the review according to the criteria. The pooled SMD value was −1.32 (95% CI: −2.80 to 0.17; p = 0.083), which suggests there is no statistically significant effect of experimental mouthrinses on microbial levels. The results showed great variability (I² = 96.4%; p < 0.0001), possibly because of the variety in study design, type of mouth rinse, and methods used to assess microbiota. Sensitivity analysis found that the results were not heavily swayed by any one study. Even though six studies observed a decrease in microbes, mainly as a result of chlorhexidine. Discussion: There are differences in how mouthrinses influence oral bacteria. Although chlorhexidine can help reduce pathogenic species, it is linked to microbial dysbiosis. https://ojs.zu.edu.pk/pjmd/article/view/3841Oral MicrobiotaMouthrinsesChlorhexidineHerbal MouthwashFluoride RinseMicrobial Diversity |
| spellingShingle | Muneer Ahmed Muhammad Akram Ramzan Syeda Sana Batool Shahzeb Azam Aman Ullah Siddiqui Schematic Assessment of Different Mouthrinses (Chlorhexidine, Herbal, Fluoride) on Oral Microbiota Composition: A Meta-Analysis Perspective Pakistan Journal of Medicine and Dentistry Oral Microbiota Mouthrinses Chlorhexidine Herbal Mouthwash Fluoride Rinse Microbial Diversity |
| title | Schematic Assessment of Different Mouthrinses (Chlorhexidine, Herbal, Fluoride) on Oral Microbiota Composition: A Meta-Analysis Perspective |
| title_full | Schematic Assessment of Different Mouthrinses (Chlorhexidine, Herbal, Fluoride) on Oral Microbiota Composition: A Meta-Analysis Perspective |
| title_fullStr | Schematic Assessment of Different Mouthrinses (Chlorhexidine, Herbal, Fluoride) on Oral Microbiota Composition: A Meta-Analysis Perspective |
| title_full_unstemmed | Schematic Assessment of Different Mouthrinses (Chlorhexidine, Herbal, Fluoride) on Oral Microbiota Composition: A Meta-Analysis Perspective |
| title_short | Schematic Assessment of Different Mouthrinses (Chlorhexidine, Herbal, Fluoride) on Oral Microbiota Composition: A Meta-Analysis Perspective |
| title_sort | schematic assessment of different mouthrinses chlorhexidine herbal fluoride on oral microbiota composition a meta analysis perspective |
| topic | Oral Microbiota Mouthrinses Chlorhexidine Herbal Mouthwash Fluoride Rinse Microbial Diversity |
| url | https://ojs.zu.edu.pk/pjmd/article/view/3841 |
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