Integrated Metabolome and Transcriptome Analysis Reveals the Key Bitter Substances of <i>Pleioblastus amarus</i> Shoots at Different Developmental Stages
<i>Pleioblastus amarus</i> (bitter bamboo) shoots are a traditional forest vegetable in China, renowned for its nutritional composition and associated health benefits. This study aimed to investigate the dynamic changes in nutritional quality and bitterness-related metabolites, as well a...
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2024-10-01
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| Series: | Horticulturae |
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| author | Limei Gong Weijin Shi Chunyan Mou Shixing Zhou Lin Xiao Hongling Hu Lihua Tu Guirong Hou Wei Ding Congde Huang Gang Chen |
| author_facet | Limei Gong Weijin Shi Chunyan Mou Shixing Zhou Lin Xiao Hongling Hu Lihua Tu Guirong Hou Wei Ding Congde Huang Gang Chen |
| author_sort | Limei Gong |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <i>Pleioblastus amarus</i> (bitter bamboo) shoots are a traditional forest vegetable in China, renowned for its nutritional composition and associated health benefits. This study aimed to investigate the dynamic changes in nutritional quality and bitterness-related metabolites, as well as corresponding gene expression in <i>P. amarus</i> shoots at three distinct growth stages, specifically at heights of 10 cm (BT1), 20 cm (BT2), and 40 cm (BT3). The results showed that the content of soluble sugars decreased while the content of total phenols and flavonoids, which contribute to bitterness, increased during the growth of <i>P. amarus</i> shoots. In addition, comparative analysis of BT2 vs. BT1, BT3 vs. BT1, and BT3 vs. BT2 revealed 14, 43, and 36, respectively, differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs). Notably, BT2 exhibited upregulation of flavonoids, such as apigenin, while bitter amino acids, including phenylalanine and arginine, showed a marked increase in BT3. Moreover, differential gene expression analysis revealed 3161, 13268, and 3742 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the BT2 vs. BT1, BT3 vs. BT1, and BT3 vs. BT2 comparisons, respectively. An integrated analysis of metabolomic and transcriptomic data indicated that the metabolites and genes associated with the biosynthesis pathways of phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan, arginine, and the branched-chain amino acids valine, leucine, and isoleucine were significantly enriched during the growth of <i>P. amarus</i> shoots. The study indicates that early-stage (≤20 cm) <i>P. amarus</i> shoots are mainly bitter due to flavonoids like apigenin, while the bitterness in later-stage (around 40 cm) shoots is largely due to bitter amino acids such as phenylalanine, arginine, valine, and isoleucine. This research highlights key compounds and genes related to bitterness, providing a basis for future research on enhancing the nutritional value and flavor of <i>P. amarus</i> shoots. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-b031bcac6c704bd4998fb4f213a997b2 |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2311-7524 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-10-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Horticulturae |
| spelling | doaj-art-b031bcac6c704bd4998fb4f213a997b22025-08-20T01:53:56ZengMDPI AGHorticulturae2311-75242024-10-011011116110.3390/horticulturae10111161Integrated Metabolome and Transcriptome Analysis Reveals the Key Bitter Substances of <i>Pleioblastus amarus</i> Shoots at Different Developmental StagesLimei Gong0Weijin Shi1Chunyan Mou2Shixing Zhou3Lin Xiao4Hongling Hu5Lihua Tu6Guirong Hou7Wei Ding8Congde Huang9Gang Chen10College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, ChinaCollege of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, ChinaCollege of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, ChinaCollege of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, ChinaCollege of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, ChinaCollege of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, ChinaCollege of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, ChinaCollege of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, ChinaChangning Forestry and Bamboo Industry Bureau, Yibin 644000, ChinaCollege of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, ChinaCollege of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China<i>Pleioblastus amarus</i> (bitter bamboo) shoots are a traditional forest vegetable in China, renowned for its nutritional composition and associated health benefits. This study aimed to investigate the dynamic changes in nutritional quality and bitterness-related metabolites, as well as corresponding gene expression in <i>P. amarus</i> shoots at three distinct growth stages, specifically at heights of 10 cm (BT1), 20 cm (BT2), and 40 cm (BT3). The results showed that the content of soluble sugars decreased while the content of total phenols and flavonoids, which contribute to bitterness, increased during the growth of <i>P. amarus</i> shoots. In addition, comparative analysis of BT2 vs. BT1, BT3 vs. BT1, and BT3 vs. BT2 revealed 14, 43, and 36, respectively, differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs). Notably, BT2 exhibited upregulation of flavonoids, such as apigenin, while bitter amino acids, including phenylalanine and arginine, showed a marked increase in BT3. Moreover, differential gene expression analysis revealed 3161, 13268, and 3742 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the BT2 vs. BT1, BT3 vs. BT1, and BT3 vs. BT2 comparisons, respectively. An integrated analysis of metabolomic and transcriptomic data indicated that the metabolites and genes associated with the biosynthesis pathways of phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan, arginine, and the branched-chain amino acids valine, leucine, and isoleucine were significantly enriched during the growth of <i>P. amarus</i> shoots. The study indicates that early-stage (≤20 cm) <i>P. amarus</i> shoots are mainly bitter due to flavonoids like apigenin, while the bitterness in later-stage (around 40 cm) shoots is largely due to bitter amino acids such as phenylalanine, arginine, valine, and isoleucine. This research highlights key compounds and genes related to bitterness, providing a basis for future research on enhancing the nutritional value and flavor of <i>P. amarus</i> shoots.https://www.mdpi.com/2311-7524/10/11/1161<i>Pleioblastus amarus</i> shootsbitternessdevelopmental stagesphenylpropanoidamino acids |
| spellingShingle | Limei Gong Weijin Shi Chunyan Mou Shixing Zhou Lin Xiao Hongling Hu Lihua Tu Guirong Hou Wei Ding Congde Huang Gang Chen Integrated Metabolome and Transcriptome Analysis Reveals the Key Bitter Substances of <i>Pleioblastus amarus</i> Shoots at Different Developmental Stages Horticulturae <i>Pleioblastus amarus</i> shoots bitterness developmental stages phenylpropanoid amino acids |
| title | Integrated Metabolome and Transcriptome Analysis Reveals the Key Bitter Substances of <i>Pleioblastus amarus</i> Shoots at Different Developmental Stages |
| title_full | Integrated Metabolome and Transcriptome Analysis Reveals the Key Bitter Substances of <i>Pleioblastus amarus</i> Shoots at Different Developmental Stages |
| title_fullStr | Integrated Metabolome and Transcriptome Analysis Reveals the Key Bitter Substances of <i>Pleioblastus amarus</i> Shoots at Different Developmental Stages |
| title_full_unstemmed | Integrated Metabolome and Transcriptome Analysis Reveals the Key Bitter Substances of <i>Pleioblastus amarus</i> Shoots at Different Developmental Stages |
| title_short | Integrated Metabolome and Transcriptome Analysis Reveals the Key Bitter Substances of <i>Pleioblastus amarus</i> Shoots at Different Developmental Stages |
| title_sort | integrated metabolome and transcriptome analysis reveals the key bitter substances of i pleioblastus amarus i shoots at different developmental stages |
| topic | <i>Pleioblastus amarus</i> shoots bitterness developmental stages phenylpropanoid amino acids |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2311-7524/10/11/1161 |
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