Carbon dioxide flush as a soil health indicator in contrasting edaphoclimatic conditions

Developing a reliable soil health indicator (SHI) is essential for accurately assessing soil condition in the context of sustainable agriculture. However, current SHIs are often labor-intensive or insufficiently sensitive to management practices. We evaluated a 3-day aerobic incubation at 40 °C of r...

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Main Authors: Lucila Bassi, Cecilia Crespo, Gisela Vanesa García, Walter Daniel Carciochi, Nahuel Ignacio Reussi Calvo, Pablo Barbieri, Hernán René Sainz Rozas, Nicolás Wyngaard
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Elsevier 2025-07-01
Series:Ecological Indicators
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Online Access:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1470160X25006624
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Summary:Developing a reliable soil health indicator (SHI) is essential for accurately assessing soil condition in the context of sustainable agriculture. However, current SHIs are often labor-intensive or insufficiently sensitive to management practices. We evaluated a 3-day aerobic incubation at 40 °C of re-wetted soil samples [i.e., carbon dioxide flush (FCO2)] and its stratification ratio (SRFCO2) as potential SHIs. Under a wide range of edaphoclimatic conditions, we assessed: (i) their capacity to discriminate contrasting cropping systems (soybean monoculture, soybean–cover crop, and a complex rotation), and (ii) their association with edaphic variables. All differences and correlations were considered statistically significant at a p-value below 0.05. The FCO2 effectively differentiated soybean monoculture from more diverse cropping systems, particularly in the 0–5  cm soil layer. A stronger association of FCO2 with cropping intensity was observed (R2 = 0.60 at 0–5  cm; R2 = 0.42 at 0–20  cm) than for SRFCO2 (R2 = 0.18). Unlike SRFCO2, FCO2 correlated strongly with most of the evaluated biochemical (r = 0.43–0.80) and biological (r = 0.28–0.57) properties across all sampled layers; with some physical properties such as aggregate stability (r = 0.67–0.78), clay content (r = 0.19 at 0–5  cm), and bulk density (r = –0.37 to –0.33); and with selected chemical properties, including inorganic phosphorus (r = –0.40) and extractable phosphorus (r = –0.46). Overall, FCO2 at 0–5  cm is a sensitive, low-cost indicator that responds to management intensity and is linked to key soil functions. We recommend its use as a robust SHI for monitoring soil degradation and guiding sustainable agricultural practices across contrasting edaphoclimatic conditions.
ISSN:1470-160X