Alternative Analyzers for the Measurement of Gaseous Compounds During Type-Approval of Heavy-Duty Vehicles
Emissions standards describe the fuels, the procedures, and, among others, the analyzers to be used for the measurement of the different compounds during the type-approval of heavy-duty engines and vehicles. Traditionally, NOx, CO, hydrocarbons, and CO<sub>2</sub> were the gaseous compou...
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2024-11-01
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| author | Ricardo Suarez-Bertoa Roberto Gioria Christian Ferrarese Lorenzo Finocchiaro Barouch Giechaskiel |
| author_facet | Ricardo Suarez-Bertoa Roberto Gioria Christian Ferrarese Lorenzo Finocchiaro Barouch Giechaskiel |
| author_sort | Ricardo Suarez-Bertoa |
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| description | Emissions standards describe the fuels, the procedures, and, among others, the analyzers to be used for the measurement of the different compounds during the type-approval of heavy-duty engines and vehicles. Traditionally, NOx, CO, hydrocarbons, and CO<sub>2</sub> were the gaseous compounds measured within the Euro standard, with the later addition of CH<sub>4</sub> and NH<sub>3</sub>. Euro 7, introduced in early 2024, expanded those compounds, requiring the measurement of N<sub>2</sub>O and HCHO. With an increasing number of molecules that need to be measured and introducing carbonless fuels, such as hydrogen, that present different requirements compared to carbon-based fuels, the test procedure needs to be updated. The performances of three laboratory-grade instruments and three portable emissions measurement systems based on Fourier-transformed infrared (FTIR) or quantum cascade laser infrared (QCL-IR) technologies were investigated while measuring from the tailpipe of a Diesel engine and a compressed natural gas (CNG) vehicle. All instruments presented good agreement when emissions of NOx, CO, CH<sub>4</sub>, NH<sub>3</sub>, N<sub>2</sub>O, HCHO, and CO<sub>2</sub> were compared using: Z-score, F-test and two tail <i>t</i>-test of student. Water concentration measured by the four FTIRs was also in good agreement. Moreover, the dry emissions of CO<sub>2</sub> and CO measured by the laboratory non-dispersive infrared (NDIR) and corrected using water were a few percentages different from those obtained using the regulated carbon-based approach. The results indicate that all the investigated systems are suitable for the measurement of the investigated gaseous compounds, including CO<sub>2</sub> and H<sub>2</sub>O. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-b007ae41f0904649a35becace3c28cfe |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 1996-1073 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Energies |
| spelling | doaj-art-b007ae41f0904649a35becace3c28cfe2025-08-20T02:08:03ZengMDPI AGEnergies1996-10732024-11-011722567610.3390/en17225676Alternative Analyzers for the Measurement of Gaseous Compounds During Type-Approval of Heavy-Duty VehiclesRicardo Suarez-Bertoa0Roberto Gioria1Christian Ferrarese2Lorenzo Finocchiaro3Barouch Giechaskiel4European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 21027 Ispra, ItalyEuropean Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 21027 Ispra, ItalyEuropean Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 21027 Ispra, ItalyEuropean Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 21027 Ispra, ItalyEuropean Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 21027 Ispra, ItalyEmissions standards describe the fuels, the procedures, and, among others, the analyzers to be used for the measurement of the different compounds during the type-approval of heavy-duty engines and vehicles. Traditionally, NOx, CO, hydrocarbons, and CO<sub>2</sub> were the gaseous compounds measured within the Euro standard, with the later addition of CH<sub>4</sub> and NH<sub>3</sub>. Euro 7, introduced in early 2024, expanded those compounds, requiring the measurement of N<sub>2</sub>O and HCHO. With an increasing number of molecules that need to be measured and introducing carbonless fuels, such as hydrogen, that present different requirements compared to carbon-based fuels, the test procedure needs to be updated. The performances of three laboratory-grade instruments and three portable emissions measurement systems based on Fourier-transformed infrared (FTIR) or quantum cascade laser infrared (QCL-IR) technologies were investigated while measuring from the tailpipe of a Diesel engine and a compressed natural gas (CNG) vehicle. All instruments presented good agreement when emissions of NOx, CO, CH<sub>4</sub>, NH<sub>3</sub>, N<sub>2</sub>O, HCHO, and CO<sub>2</sub> were compared using: Z-score, F-test and two tail <i>t</i>-test of student. Water concentration measured by the four FTIRs was also in good agreement. Moreover, the dry emissions of CO<sub>2</sub> and CO measured by the laboratory non-dispersive infrared (NDIR) and corrected using water were a few percentages different from those obtained using the regulated carbon-based approach. The results indicate that all the investigated systems are suitable for the measurement of the investigated gaseous compounds, including CO<sub>2</sub> and H<sub>2</sub>O.https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/17/22/5676FTIRQCL-IRwater measurementdry-to-wet correctionEuro VIEuro 7 |
| spellingShingle | Ricardo Suarez-Bertoa Roberto Gioria Christian Ferrarese Lorenzo Finocchiaro Barouch Giechaskiel Alternative Analyzers for the Measurement of Gaseous Compounds During Type-Approval of Heavy-Duty Vehicles Energies FTIR QCL-IR water measurement dry-to-wet correction Euro VI Euro 7 |
| title | Alternative Analyzers for the Measurement of Gaseous Compounds During Type-Approval of Heavy-Duty Vehicles |
| title_full | Alternative Analyzers for the Measurement of Gaseous Compounds During Type-Approval of Heavy-Duty Vehicles |
| title_fullStr | Alternative Analyzers for the Measurement of Gaseous Compounds During Type-Approval of Heavy-Duty Vehicles |
| title_full_unstemmed | Alternative Analyzers for the Measurement of Gaseous Compounds During Type-Approval of Heavy-Duty Vehicles |
| title_short | Alternative Analyzers for the Measurement of Gaseous Compounds During Type-Approval of Heavy-Duty Vehicles |
| title_sort | alternative analyzers for the measurement of gaseous compounds during type approval of heavy duty vehicles |
| topic | FTIR QCL-IR water measurement dry-to-wet correction Euro VI Euro 7 |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/17/22/5676 |
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