Alternative Analyzers for the Measurement of Gaseous Compounds During Type-Approval of Heavy-Duty Vehicles
Emissions standards describe the fuels, the procedures, and, among others, the analyzers to be used for the measurement of the different compounds during the type-approval of heavy-duty engines and vehicles. Traditionally, NOx, CO, hydrocarbons, and CO<sub>2</sub> were the gaseous compou...
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| Main Authors: | , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2024-11-01
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| Series: | Energies |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/17/22/5676 |
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| Summary: | Emissions standards describe the fuels, the procedures, and, among others, the analyzers to be used for the measurement of the different compounds during the type-approval of heavy-duty engines and vehicles. Traditionally, NOx, CO, hydrocarbons, and CO<sub>2</sub> were the gaseous compounds measured within the Euro standard, with the later addition of CH<sub>4</sub> and NH<sub>3</sub>. Euro 7, introduced in early 2024, expanded those compounds, requiring the measurement of N<sub>2</sub>O and HCHO. With an increasing number of molecules that need to be measured and introducing carbonless fuels, such as hydrogen, that present different requirements compared to carbon-based fuels, the test procedure needs to be updated. The performances of three laboratory-grade instruments and three portable emissions measurement systems based on Fourier-transformed infrared (FTIR) or quantum cascade laser infrared (QCL-IR) technologies were investigated while measuring from the tailpipe of a Diesel engine and a compressed natural gas (CNG) vehicle. All instruments presented good agreement when emissions of NOx, CO, CH<sub>4</sub>, NH<sub>3</sub>, N<sub>2</sub>O, HCHO, and CO<sub>2</sub> were compared using: Z-score, F-test and two tail <i>t</i>-test of student. Water concentration measured by the four FTIRs was also in good agreement. Moreover, the dry emissions of CO<sub>2</sub> and CO measured by the laboratory non-dispersive infrared (NDIR) and corrected using water were a few percentages different from those obtained using the regulated carbon-based approach. The results indicate that all the investigated systems are suitable for the measurement of the investigated gaseous compounds, including CO<sub>2</sub> and H<sub>2</sub>O. |
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| ISSN: | 1996-1073 |