Retrospective observational study of ethnicity-gender pay gaps among hospital and community health service doctors in England
Objectives To identify differences in average basic pay between groups of National Health Service (NHS) doctors cross-classified by ethnicity and gender. Analyse the extent to which characteristics (grade, specialty, age, hours, etc.) can explain these differences.Design Retrospective observational...
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BMJ Publishing Group
2021-12-01
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| Series: | BMJ Open |
| Online Access: | https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/11/12/e051043.full |
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| author | Mark Williams Carol Woodhams Ira Parnerkar Mukunda Sharma |
| author_facet | Mark Williams Carol Woodhams Ira Parnerkar Mukunda Sharma |
| author_sort | Mark Williams |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Objectives To identify differences in average basic pay between groups of National Health Service (NHS) doctors cross-classified by ethnicity and gender. Analyse the extent to which characteristics (grade, specialty, age, hours, etc.) can explain these differences.Design Retrospective observational study using repeated cross-section design.Setting Hospital and Community Health Service (HCHS) in England.Participants All HCHS doctors in England employed by the NHS between 2016 and 2020 appearing in the Digital Electronic Staff Record dataset (average N=99 953 per year).Main outcome measures Hours-adjusted full-time equivalent pay gaps; given as raw data and further adjusted for demographic, job, and workplace characteristics (such as grade, specialty, age, whether British nationality, region) using multivariable regression and statistical decomposition techniques.Results Pay gaps relative to white men vary with the ethnicity-gender combination. Indian men slightly out-earn white men and Bangladeshi women have a 40% pay gap. In most cases, pay gaps can largely be explained by characteristics that can be measured, especially grade, with the extent varying by specific ethnicity-gender group. However, a portion of pay gaps cannot be explained by characteristics that can be measured.Conclusions This study presents new evidence on ethnicity-gender pay gaps among NHS doctors in England using high quality administrative and payroll data. The findings indicate all ethnicity-gender groups earn less than white men on average, except for Indian men. In some cases, these differences cannot be explained giving rise to discussions about the role of discrimination. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-afbacfbf61f342cabd83bf6f10fee9b6 |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2044-6055 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2021-12-01 |
| publisher | BMJ Publishing Group |
| record_format | Article |
| series | BMJ Open |
| spelling | doaj-art-afbacfbf61f342cabd83bf6f10fee9b62025-08-20T02:38:25ZengBMJ Publishing GroupBMJ Open2044-60552021-12-01111210.1136/bmjopen-2021-051043Retrospective observational study of ethnicity-gender pay gaps among hospital and community health service doctors in EnglandMark Williams0Carol Woodhams1Ira Parnerkar2Mukunda Sharma3School of Business and Management, Queen Mary University of London, London, UKSurrey Business School, University of Surrey, Guildford, UKSurrey Business School, University of Surrey, Guildford, UKIndependent Researcher, London, UKObjectives To identify differences in average basic pay between groups of National Health Service (NHS) doctors cross-classified by ethnicity and gender. Analyse the extent to which characteristics (grade, specialty, age, hours, etc.) can explain these differences.Design Retrospective observational study using repeated cross-section design.Setting Hospital and Community Health Service (HCHS) in England.Participants All HCHS doctors in England employed by the NHS between 2016 and 2020 appearing in the Digital Electronic Staff Record dataset (average N=99 953 per year).Main outcome measures Hours-adjusted full-time equivalent pay gaps; given as raw data and further adjusted for demographic, job, and workplace characteristics (such as grade, specialty, age, whether British nationality, region) using multivariable regression and statistical decomposition techniques.Results Pay gaps relative to white men vary with the ethnicity-gender combination. Indian men slightly out-earn white men and Bangladeshi women have a 40% pay gap. In most cases, pay gaps can largely be explained by characteristics that can be measured, especially grade, with the extent varying by specific ethnicity-gender group. However, a portion of pay gaps cannot be explained by characteristics that can be measured.Conclusions This study presents new evidence on ethnicity-gender pay gaps among NHS doctors in England using high quality administrative and payroll data. The findings indicate all ethnicity-gender groups earn less than white men on average, except for Indian men. In some cases, these differences cannot be explained giving rise to discussions about the role of discrimination.https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/11/12/e051043.full |
| spellingShingle | Mark Williams Carol Woodhams Ira Parnerkar Mukunda Sharma Retrospective observational study of ethnicity-gender pay gaps among hospital and community health service doctors in England BMJ Open |
| title | Retrospective observational study of ethnicity-gender pay gaps among hospital and community health service doctors in England |
| title_full | Retrospective observational study of ethnicity-gender pay gaps among hospital and community health service doctors in England |
| title_fullStr | Retrospective observational study of ethnicity-gender pay gaps among hospital and community health service doctors in England |
| title_full_unstemmed | Retrospective observational study of ethnicity-gender pay gaps among hospital and community health service doctors in England |
| title_short | Retrospective observational study of ethnicity-gender pay gaps among hospital and community health service doctors in England |
| title_sort | retrospective observational study of ethnicity gender pay gaps among hospital and community health service doctors in england |
| url | https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/11/12/e051043.full |
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