Reactive astrocyte-derived exosomes enhance intracranial lymphatic drainage in mice after intracranial hemorrhage
Abstract Background After intracranial hemorrhage (ICH), the formation of primary hematoma foci leads to the development of secondary brain injury factors such as perihematomal edema (PHE) and accumulation of toxic metabolites, which severely affect the survival and prognosis of patients. The intrac...
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BMC
2025-04-01
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| Series: | Fluids and Barriers of the CNS |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12987-025-00651-y |
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| author | Kexin Li Yuheng Liu Junjie Gong Jing Li Mingyu Zhao Chengyou Hong Yuchi Zhang Mengyao He Zhenye Zhu Zhijuan Chen Zengguang Wang |
| author_facet | Kexin Li Yuheng Liu Junjie Gong Jing Li Mingyu Zhao Chengyou Hong Yuchi Zhang Mengyao He Zhenye Zhu Zhijuan Chen Zengguang Wang |
| author_sort | Kexin Li |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Background After intracranial hemorrhage (ICH), the formation of primary hematoma foci leads to the development of secondary brain injury factors such as perihematomal edema (PHE) and accumulation of toxic metabolites, which severely affect the survival and prognosis of patients. The intracerebral lymphatic system, proposed by Jeffrey J. Iliff et al., plays an important role in central nervous system (CNS) fluid homeostasis and waste removal, while reactive astrocyte-derived exosomes have shown therapeutic potential in CNS disorders. Our study focuses on the effects of hemin-treated reactive astrocyte-derived exosomes on the functional integrity of the glymphatic system (GLS) after ICH and their potential mechanism of action in repairing brain injury. Methods Hemin, an iron-rich porphyrin compound, was used to construct the in vitro model of ICH. Primary astrocytes were treated with complete medium supplemented with different concentrations of hemin to obtain exosomes secreted by them, and mice with ICH induced by the collagenase method were intervened by intranasal administration. Solute clearance efficiency was assessed by intracranial injection of cerebrospinal fluid tracers and fluorescent magnetic beads. Immunofluorescence analysis of Aquaporin 4 (AQP4) polarization and astrocyte proliferation. Magnetic Resonance Imaging was used to visualize and quantify the volume of hematoma foci and PHE, and Western Blot was used to analyze the accumulation of toxic metabolites, while neuronal apoptosis was detected by a combination of TUNEL assay apoptosis detection kit and Nissl staining, and their functional status was analyzed. Gait analysis software was used to detect functional recovery of the affected limb in mice. Results Exosomes from hemin treated astrocytes facilitated the recovery of AQP4 polarization and attenuated astrocyte proliferation around hematoma foci in mice with ICH, thereby promoting the recovery of the GLS. Meanwhile, exosomes from hemin treated astrocytes reduced PHE and toxic protein accumulation, decreased apoptosis of cortical neurons on the affected side, and facilitated recovery of motor function of the affected limb, and these effects were blocked by TGN020, an AQP4-specific inhibitor. Conclusions Exosomes from hemin treated astrocytes attenuated secondary brain injury and neurological deficits in mice with ICH by promoting the repair of GLS injury. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-af8b8ef1774b479b924608d7fd3a6a11 |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2045-8118 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-04-01 |
| publisher | BMC |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Fluids and Barriers of the CNS |
| spelling | doaj-art-af8b8ef1774b479b924608d7fd3a6a112025-08-20T02:17:49ZengBMCFluids and Barriers of the CNS2045-81182025-04-0122111710.1186/s12987-025-00651-yReactive astrocyte-derived exosomes enhance intracranial lymphatic drainage in mice after intracranial hemorrhageKexin Li0Yuheng Liu1Junjie Gong2Jing Li3Mingyu Zhao4Chengyou Hong5Yuchi Zhang6Mengyao He7Zhenye Zhu8Zhijuan Chen9Zengguang Wang10Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General HospitalDepartment of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General HospitalDepartment of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General HospitalDepartment of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General HospitalDepartment of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General HospitalDepartment of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General HospitalDepartment of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General HospitalDepartment of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General HospitalDepartment of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General HospitalDepartment of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General HospitalDepartment of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General HospitalAbstract Background After intracranial hemorrhage (ICH), the formation of primary hematoma foci leads to the development of secondary brain injury factors such as perihematomal edema (PHE) and accumulation of toxic metabolites, which severely affect the survival and prognosis of patients. The intracerebral lymphatic system, proposed by Jeffrey J. Iliff et al., plays an important role in central nervous system (CNS) fluid homeostasis and waste removal, while reactive astrocyte-derived exosomes have shown therapeutic potential in CNS disorders. Our study focuses on the effects of hemin-treated reactive astrocyte-derived exosomes on the functional integrity of the glymphatic system (GLS) after ICH and their potential mechanism of action in repairing brain injury. Methods Hemin, an iron-rich porphyrin compound, was used to construct the in vitro model of ICH. Primary astrocytes were treated with complete medium supplemented with different concentrations of hemin to obtain exosomes secreted by them, and mice with ICH induced by the collagenase method were intervened by intranasal administration. Solute clearance efficiency was assessed by intracranial injection of cerebrospinal fluid tracers and fluorescent magnetic beads. Immunofluorescence analysis of Aquaporin 4 (AQP4) polarization and astrocyte proliferation. Magnetic Resonance Imaging was used to visualize and quantify the volume of hematoma foci and PHE, and Western Blot was used to analyze the accumulation of toxic metabolites, while neuronal apoptosis was detected by a combination of TUNEL assay apoptosis detection kit and Nissl staining, and their functional status was analyzed. Gait analysis software was used to detect functional recovery of the affected limb in mice. Results Exosomes from hemin treated astrocytes facilitated the recovery of AQP4 polarization and attenuated astrocyte proliferation around hematoma foci in mice with ICH, thereby promoting the recovery of the GLS. Meanwhile, exosomes from hemin treated astrocytes reduced PHE and toxic protein accumulation, decreased apoptosis of cortical neurons on the affected side, and facilitated recovery of motor function of the affected limb, and these effects were blocked by TGN020, an AQP4-specific inhibitor. Conclusions Exosomes from hemin treated astrocytes attenuated secondary brain injury and neurological deficits in mice with ICH by promoting the repair of GLS injury.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12987-025-00651-yIntracranial hemorrhageAstrocyte-derived exosomesGlymphatic system |
| spellingShingle | Kexin Li Yuheng Liu Junjie Gong Jing Li Mingyu Zhao Chengyou Hong Yuchi Zhang Mengyao He Zhenye Zhu Zhijuan Chen Zengguang Wang Reactive astrocyte-derived exosomes enhance intracranial lymphatic drainage in mice after intracranial hemorrhage Fluids and Barriers of the CNS Intracranial hemorrhage Astrocyte-derived exosomes Glymphatic system |
| title | Reactive astrocyte-derived exosomes enhance intracranial lymphatic drainage in mice after intracranial hemorrhage |
| title_full | Reactive astrocyte-derived exosomes enhance intracranial lymphatic drainage in mice after intracranial hemorrhage |
| title_fullStr | Reactive astrocyte-derived exosomes enhance intracranial lymphatic drainage in mice after intracranial hemorrhage |
| title_full_unstemmed | Reactive astrocyte-derived exosomes enhance intracranial lymphatic drainage in mice after intracranial hemorrhage |
| title_short | Reactive astrocyte-derived exosomes enhance intracranial lymphatic drainage in mice after intracranial hemorrhage |
| title_sort | reactive astrocyte derived exosomes enhance intracranial lymphatic drainage in mice after intracranial hemorrhage |
| topic | Intracranial hemorrhage Astrocyte-derived exosomes Glymphatic system |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12987-025-00651-y |
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