Incidence Rates for Invasive <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i> and <i>Haemophilus influenzae</i> Infections in US Military Pediatric Dependents Before and During COVID-19
<b>Background/Objectives</b>: Invasive <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i> disease (IPD) and invasive <i>Haemophilus influenzae</i> (IHI) infections cause disease in pediatric patients. The COVID-19 pandemic brought about a change in the rates of common viral illnesse...
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MDPI AG
2025-02-01
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| Series: | Vaccines |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/13/3/225 |
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| author | Matthew D. Penfold Sarah Prabhakar Michael Rajnik Apryl Susi Monisha F. Malek Cade M. Nylund Elizabeth Hisle-Gorman Matthew D. Eberly |
| author_facet | Matthew D. Penfold Sarah Prabhakar Michael Rajnik Apryl Susi Monisha F. Malek Cade M. Nylund Elizabeth Hisle-Gorman Matthew D. Eberly |
| author_sort | Matthew D. Penfold |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <b>Background/Objectives</b>: Invasive <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i> disease (IPD) and invasive <i>Haemophilus influenzae</i> (IHI) infections cause disease in pediatric patients. The COVID-19 pandemic brought about a change in the rates of common viral illnesses that can lead to superimposed bacterial infections. <b>Methods</b>: A repeated monthly cross-sectional study was performed using inpatient data from the Military Health System Data Repository (MDR) to observe differences in IPD and IHI hospitalization rates before and during the COVID-19 pandemic starting in March 2018 and continuing to February 2023. Our study included a cohort of 1.27 million children under the age of 5 years old. <b>Results</b>: A total of 200 unique cases of IPD and 171 unique cases of IHI were identified. In Year 1 of the pandemic, the hospitalization rates for IHI and IPD decreased. In Year 2, IPD returned to the pre-pandemic baseline, and IHI remained below the baseline. In Year 3, IPD increased above the baseline, and IHI returned to the baseline. <b>Conclusions</b>: These data support the notion that the interventions implemented to reduce the spread of COVID-19, such as hand hygiene and social distancing, likely led to a reduction in the incidence of invasive disease. The subsequent relaxation of these mitigation strategies likely led to a resurgence of IHI and an increase in IPD in our population. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-af5c5f8da05f44fbabf857e6f06f1bf7 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2076-393X |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Vaccines |
| spelling | doaj-art-af5c5f8da05f44fbabf857e6f06f1bf72025-08-20T03:43:55ZengMDPI AGVaccines2076-393X2025-02-0113322510.3390/vaccines13030225Incidence Rates for Invasive <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i> and <i>Haemophilus influenzae</i> Infections in US Military Pediatric Dependents Before and During COVID-19Matthew D. Penfold0Sarah Prabhakar1Michael Rajnik2Apryl Susi3Monisha F. Malek4Cade M. Nylund5Elizabeth Hisle-Gorman6Matthew D. Eberly7Department of Pediatrics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USADepartment of Pediatrics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USADepartment of Pediatrics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USADepartment of Pediatrics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USAPediatric Infectious Diseases, Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio, Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, TX 78234, USADepartment of Pediatrics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USADepartment of Pediatrics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USAPediatric Infectious Diseases, Brooke Army Medical Center, Joint Base San Antonio, Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, TX 78234, USA<b>Background/Objectives</b>: Invasive <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i> disease (IPD) and invasive <i>Haemophilus influenzae</i> (IHI) infections cause disease in pediatric patients. The COVID-19 pandemic brought about a change in the rates of common viral illnesses that can lead to superimposed bacterial infections. <b>Methods</b>: A repeated monthly cross-sectional study was performed using inpatient data from the Military Health System Data Repository (MDR) to observe differences in IPD and IHI hospitalization rates before and during the COVID-19 pandemic starting in March 2018 and continuing to February 2023. Our study included a cohort of 1.27 million children under the age of 5 years old. <b>Results</b>: A total of 200 unique cases of IPD and 171 unique cases of IHI were identified. In Year 1 of the pandemic, the hospitalization rates for IHI and IPD decreased. In Year 2, IPD returned to the pre-pandemic baseline, and IHI remained below the baseline. In Year 3, IPD increased above the baseline, and IHI returned to the baseline. <b>Conclusions</b>: These data support the notion that the interventions implemented to reduce the spread of COVID-19, such as hand hygiene and social distancing, likely led to a reduction in the incidence of invasive disease. The subsequent relaxation of these mitigation strategies likely led to a resurgence of IHI and an increase in IPD in our population.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/13/3/225<i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i><i>Haemophilus influenzae</i>pediatricsinfectious diseaseshospitalizationCOVID-19 |
| spellingShingle | Matthew D. Penfold Sarah Prabhakar Michael Rajnik Apryl Susi Monisha F. Malek Cade M. Nylund Elizabeth Hisle-Gorman Matthew D. Eberly Incidence Rates for Invasive <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i> and <i>Haemophilus influenzae</i> Infections in US Military Pediatric Dependents Before and During COVID-19 Vaccines <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i> <i>Haemophilus influenzae</i> pediatrics infectious diseases hospitalization COVID-19 |
| title | Incidence Rates for Invasive <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i> and <i>Haemophilus influenzae</i> Infections in US Military Pediatric Dependents Before and During COVID-19 |
| title_full | Incidence Rates for Invasive <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i> and <i>Haemophilus influenzae</i> Infections in US Military Pediatric Dependents Before and During COVID-19 |
| title_fullStr | Incidence Rates for Invasive <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i> and <i>Haemophilus influenzae</i> Infections in US Military Pediatric Dependents Before and During COVID-19 |
| title_full_unstemmed | Incidence Rates for Invasive <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i> and <i>Haemophilus influenzae</i> Infections in US Military Pediatric Dependents Before and During COVID-19 |
| title_short | Incidence Rates for Invasive <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i> and <i>Haemophilus influenzae</i> Infections in US Military Pediatric Dependents Before and During COVID-19 |
| title_sort | incidence rates for invasive i streptococcus pneumoniae i and i haemophilus influenzae i infections in us military pediatric dependents before and during covid 19 |
| topic | <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i> <i>Haemophilus influenzae</i> pediatrics infectious diseases hospitalization COVID-19 |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/13/3/225 |
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