Levels of Zinc, Iron, and Copper in the Aqueous Humor of Patients with Primary Glaucoma
Background: This case–control study evaluated the concentrations of zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), and copper (Cu) in the aqueous humor (AH) of patients with primary glaucoma, and their relationships with clinical factors. Methods: This study enrolled 100 patients with primary glaucoma and categorized them i...
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2025-07-01
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| author | Yangjiani Li Zhe Liu Zhidong Li Yingting Zhu Shuxin Liang Hongtao Liu Jingfei Xue Jicheng Lin Ye Deng Caibin Deng Simei Zeng Yehong Zhuo Yiqing Li |
| author_facet | Yangjiani Li Zhe Liu Zhidong Li Yingting Zhu Shuxin Liang Hongtao Liu Jingfei Xue Jicheng Lin Ye Deng Caibin Deng Simei Zeng Yehong Zhuo Yiqing Li |
| author_sort | Yangjiani Li |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Background: This case–control study evaluated the concentrations of zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), and copper (Cu) in the aqueous humor (AH) of patients with primary glaucoma, and their relationships with clinical factors. Methods: This study enrolled 100 patients with primary glaucoma and categorized them into subtypes: acute angle-closure crisis (AACC), primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG), and primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). A total of 67 patients with senile cataract were enrolled as controls. Their AH samples and clinical information were obtained. Results: In primary glaucoma, Zn, Fe, and Cu concentrations increased, especially in AACC group; Zn, Fe, and Cu were positively correlated mutually; and decreased Zn/Fe and increased Fe/Cu were observed. The number of quadrants with closed anterior chamber angle on gonioscopy was positively associated with Fe and Cu levels in AACC and with Zn and Cu levels in PACG. In POAG, we found negative associations between Zn and the number of quadrants with retinal nerve fiber layer thinning on optical coherence tomography, Fe and age, and Cu and the cup-to-disc ratio. Trace metals showed high efficiency in discriminating primary glaucoma from controls. Conclusions: Zn, Fe, and Cu concentrations in patients with primary glaucoma increased and were associated with clinical factors, acting as potential biomarkers. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-af5b21b99e154e57892220fbf082f429 |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2218-273X |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Biomolecules |
| spelling | doaj-art-af5b21b99e154e57892220fbf082f4292025-08-20T02:45:45ZengMDPI AGBiomolecules2218-273X2025-07-0115796210.3390/biom15070962Levels of Zinc, Iron, and Copper in the Aqueous Humor of Patients with Primary GlaucomaYangjiani Li0Zhe Liu1Zhidong Li2Yingting Zhu3Shuxin Liang4Hongtao Liu5Jingfei Xue6Jicheng Lin7Ye Deng8Caibin Deng9Simei Zeng10Yehong Zhuo11Yiqing Li12State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, ChinaInstrumental Analysis and Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, ChinaBackground: This case–control study evaluated the concentrations of zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), and copper (Cu) in the aqueous humor (AH) of patients with primary glaucoma, and their relationships with clinical factors. Methods: This study enrolled 100 patients with primary glaucoma and categorized them into subtypes: acute angle-closure crisis (AACC), primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG), and primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). A total of 67 patients with senile cataract were enrolled as controls. Their AH samples and clinical information were obtained. Results: In primary glaucoma, Zn, Fe, and Cu concentrations increased, especially in AACC group; Zn, Fe, and Cu were positively correlated mutually; and decreased Zn/Fe and increased Fe/Cu were observed. The number of quadrants with closed anterior chamber angle on gonioscopy was positively associated with Fe and Cu levels in AACC and with Zn and Cu levels in PACG. In POAG, we found negative associations between Zn and the number of quadrants with retinal nerve fiber layer thinning on optical coherence tomography, Fe and age, and Cu and the cup-to-disc ratio. Trace metals showed high efficiency in discriminating primary glaucoma from controls. Conclusions: Zn, Fe, and Cu concentrations in patients with primary glaucoma increased and were associated with clinical factors, acting as potential biomarkers.https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/15/7/962glaucomaaqueous humorzincironcopper |
| spellingShingle | Yangjiani Li Zhe Liu Zhidong Li Yingting Zhu Shuxin Liang Hongtao Liu Jingfei Xue Jicheng Lin Ye Deng Caibin Deng Simei Zeng Yehong Zhuo Yiqing Li Levels of Zinc, Iron, and Copper in the Aqueous Humor of Patients with Primary Glaucoma Biomolecules glaucoma aqueous humor zinc iron copper |
| title | Levels of Zinc, Iron, and Copper in the Aqueous Humor of Patients with Primary Glaucoma |
| title_full | Levels of Zinc, Iron, and Copper in the Aqueous Humor of Patients with Primary Glaucoma |
| title_fullStr | Levels of Zinc, Iron, and Copper in the Aqueous Humor of Patients with Primary Glaucoma |
| title_full_unstemmed | Levels of Zinc, Iron, and Copper in the Aqueous Humor of Patients with Primary Glaucoma |
| title_short | Levels of Zinc, Iron, and Copper in the Aqueous Humor of Patients with Primary Glaucoma |
| title_sort | levels of zinc iron and copper in the aqueous humor of patients with primary glaucoma |
| topic | glaucoma aqueous humor zinc iron copper |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/15/7/962 |
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