Inhibitory Effects of Nisin and Gallium (III) Nitrate Hydrate on Planktonic and Adhered Cells and Implications for the Viable but Non-Culturable State
Effective antimicrobial and biofilm control strategies require an understanding of the differential effects of antimicrobial agents on the viability and culturability of microbial cells. A viable but non-culturable (VBNC) state, a survival strategy of non-spore-forming bacteria in response to advers...
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| Main Authors: | , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2025-01-01
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| Series: | Microorganisms |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/13/2/276 |
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| Summary: | Effective antimicrobial and biofilm control strategies require an understanding of the differential effects of antimicrobial agents on the viability and culturability of microbial cells. A viable but non-culturable (VBNC) state, a survival strategy of non-spore-forming bacteria in response to adverse conditions, poses a significant challenge for public health and food safety. In the present study, we investigated the antimicrobial and antibiofilm effects of nisin and gallium (III) nitrate hydrate against the Gram-positive strain <i>Lactiplantibacillus plantarum</i> subsp. <i>plantarum</i> DSM 20174 and the Gram-negative strain <i>Pseudomonas fluorescens</i> ATCC 13525, respectively. Both strains were chosen as model systems for their relevance to food and clinical settings. Culture-based methods and flow cytometry (FCM) were used to evaluate the culturability and viability of both planktonic and sessile cells, providing insights into their physiological response to antimicrobial treatment-induced stress at different concentrations (100, 250, 350, and 500 ppm). The findings highlight the strain-specific action of nisin on <i>L. plantarum</i> and the promising antibiofilm effects of Ga (III) against <i>P. fluorescens</i>. This study underscores the promising potential of FCM as a powerful tool for high-throughput analyses of antimicrobial efficacy, providing valuable insights into developing targeted biofilm control strategies for food safety and clinical applications. |
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| ISSN: | 2076-2607 |