Evaluation of Energy Demands and Performance of Multi-Storey Cross-Laminated Timber Buildings

The overarching goal of this research is to evaluate the energy demands and performance of multi-storey cross-laminated timber (CLT) buildings. The research examines the various energy demands influencing the performance of multi-storey CLT buildings. The study addresses the following research quest...

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Main Author: Timothy O. Adekunle
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-02-01
Series:Energies
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/18/4/933
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author Timothy O. Adekunle
author_facet Timothy O. Adekunle
author_sort Timothy O. Adekunle
collection DOAJ
description The overarching goal of this research is to evaluate the energy demands and performance of multi-storey cross-laminated timber (CLT) buildings. The research examines the various energy demands influencing the performance of multi-storey CLT buildings. The study addresses the following research question: Can different energy demands influence the performance of CLT buildings? The investigation explores building modeling and simulation under two different weather scenarios to assess these issues. The study considers London Islington and St Albans (Test Reference Year—TRY), due to the proximity of the actual case studies to the reference locations of the weather files. The investigation captures energy demands and performance in the warm season (i.e., May–August). The findings show that the Stadt building (STB) temperatures under the two weather scenarios are warmer by 1.2 °C and 1.6 °C than those of Brid building (BDH) under the same weather conditions. Outdoor dry-bulb temperatures have a lesser impact on radiant temperatures than indoor air temperatures and operative temperatures in the buildings. Solar gains for external windows are influenced by design variables (e.g., building shapes, heights, floor areas, orientations, opening sizes, etc.). The indoor environmental conditions of the buildings under different weather conditions are comfortable, except for BDH St Albans TRY. Occupancy is a major driver influencing domestic hot water (DHW) usage profiles, regardless of the energy sources in the buildings. DHW is a significant parameter determining the overall energy usage in buildings. Other energy usage profiles, such as room electricity, computers and equipment, general lighting, and lighting, can also impact energy usage in buildings. The research outcomes can enhance our understanding of energy usage profiles and possible improvements to enhance the overall performance of CLT buildings.
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spelling doaj-art-af15d801526a414da3ce7688f079ebff2025-08-20T03:12:20ZengMDPI AGEnergies1996-10732025-02-0118493310.3390/en18040933Evaluation of Energy Demands and Performance of Multi-Storey Cross-Laminated Timber BuildingsTimothy O. Adekunle0School of Architecture, College of Architecture and Planning, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USAThe overarching goal of this research is to evaluate the energy demands and performance of multi-storey cross-laminated timber (CLT) buildings. The research examines the various energy demands influencing the performance of multi-storey CLT buildings. The study addresses the following research question: Can different energy demands influence the performance of CLT buildings? The investigation explores building modeling and simulation under two different weather scenarios to assess these issues. The study considers London Islington and St Albans (Test Reference Year—TRY), due to the proximity of the actual case studies to the reference locations of the weather files. The investigation captures energy demands and performance in the warm season (i.e., May–August). The findings show that the Stadt building (STB) temperatures under the two weather scenarios are warmer by 1.2 °C and 1.6 °C than those of Brid building (BDH) under the same weather conditions. Outdoor dry-bulb temperatures have a lesser impact on radiant temperatures than indoor air temperatures and operative temperatures in the buildings. Solar gains for external windows are influenced by design variables (e.g., building shapes, heights, floor areas, orientations, opening sizes, etc.). The indoor environmental conditions of the buildings under different weather conditions are comfortable, except for BDH St Albans TRY. Occupancy is a major driver influencing domestic hot water (DHW) usage profiles, regardless of the energy sources in the buildings. DHW is a significant parameter determining the overall energy usage in buildings. Other energy usage profiles, such as room electricity, computers and equipment, general lighting, and lighting, can also impact energy usage in buildings. The research outcomes can enhance our understanding of energy usage profiles and possible improvements to enhance the overall performance of CLT buildings.https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/18/4/933building simulationcross-laminated timber (CLT)energy demands and performanceenergy usage profilesmulti-storey buildings
spellingShingle Timothy O. Adekunle
Evaluation of Energy Demands and Performance of Multi-Storey Cross-Laminated Timber Buildings
Energies
building simulation
cross-laminated timber (CLT)
energy demands and performance
energy usage profiles
multi-storey buildings
title Evaluation of Energy Demands and Performance of Multi-Storey Cross-Laminated Timber Buildings
title_full Evaluation of Energy Demands and Performance of Multi-Storey Cross-Laminated Timber Buildings
title_fullStr Evaluation of Energy Demands and Performance of Multi-Storey Cross-Laminated Timber Buildings
title_full_unstemmed Evaluation of Energy Demands and Performance of Multi-Storey Cross-Laminated Timber Buildings
title_short Evaluation of Energy Demands and Performance of Multi-Storey Cross-Laminated Timber Buildings
title_sort evaluation of energy demands and performance of multi storey cross laminated timber buildings
topic building simulation
cross-laminated timber (CLT)
energy demands and performance
energy usage profiles
multi-storey buildings
url https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/18/4/933
work_keys_str_mv AT timothyoadekunle evaluationofenergydemandsandperformanceofmultistoreycrosslaminatedtimberbuildings