Episodic Training and Feature Orthogonality-Driven Domain Generalization for Rotating Machinery Fault Diagnosis Under Unseen Working Conditions

In recent years, domain generalization-based fault diagnosis (DGFD) methods have shown significant potential in rotating machinery fault diagnosis in unseen target domains. However, these methods focus on learning domain-invariant representations via feature distribution adaptation. The generalizati...

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Main Authors: Yixiao Liao, Songbin Zhou, Yisen Liu, Kunkun Pang, Jing Li, Chang Li, Lulu Zhao
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-06-01
Series:Machines
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1702/13/7/563
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author Yixiao Liao
Songbin Zhou
Yisen Liu
Kunkun Pang
Jing Li
Chang Li
Lulu Zhao
author_facet Yixiao Liao
Songbin Zhou
Yisen Liu
Kunkun Pang
Jing Li
Chang Li
Lulu Zhao
author_sort Yixiao Liao
collection DOAJ
description In recent years, domain generalization-based fault diagnosis (DGFD) methods have shown significant potential in rotating machinery fault diagnosis in unseen target domains. However, these methods focus on learning domain-invariant representations via feature distribution adaptation. The generalization of classifiers and the orthogonality between fault-related and domain-related features have not been thoroughly explored, which hinders further improvements in DGFD performance. To address these limitations, an episodic training and feature orthogonality-driven domain generalization (EODG) method is proposed. In this method, episodic training is introduced to jointly improve the generalization capabilities of both the feature extractor and fault classifier, while a novel feature transfer loss is proposed for learning domain-invariant representations. Furthermore, the orthogonality between fault-related and domain-related features is enhanced by minimizing their cosine similarity, thereby improving the generalization capability of the DGFD model. The experimental results validated the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed method on domain generalization-based fault diagnosis tasks.
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series Machines
spelling doaj-art-aef40a8f7bd5488297c0da5cabdf85f82025-08-20T03:08:01ZengMDPI AGMachines2075-17022025-06-0113756310.3390/machines13070563Episodic Training and Feature Orthogonality-Driven Domain Generalization for Rotating Machinery Fault Diagnosis Under Unseen Working ConditionsYixiao Liao0Songbin Zhou1Yisen Liu2Kunkun Pang3Jing Li4Chang Li5Lulu Zhao6Institute of Intelligent Manufacturing, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, ChinaInstitute of Intelligent Manufacturing, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, ChinaInstitute of Intelligent Manufacturing, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, ChinaInstitute of Intelligent Manufacturing, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, ChinaInstitute of Intelligent Manufacturing, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, ChinaInstitute of Intelligent Manufacturing, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, ChinaInstitute of Intelligent Manufacturing, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, ChinaIn recent years, domain generalization-based fault diagnosis (DGFD) methods have shown significant potential in rotating machinery fault diagnosis in unseen target domains. However, these methods focus on learning domain-invariant representations via feature distribution adaptation. The generalization of classifiers and the orthogonality between fault-related and domain-related features have not been thoroughly explored, which hinders further improvements in DGFD performance. To address these limitations, an episodic training and feature orthogonality-driven domain generalization (EODG) method is proposed. In this method, episodic training is introduced to jointly improve the generalization capabilities of both the feature extractor and fault classifier, while a novel feature transfer loss is proposed for learning domain-invariant representations. Furthermore, the orthogonality between fault-related and domain-related features is enhanced by minimizing their cosine similarity, thereby improving the generalization capability of the DGFD model. The experimental results validated the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed method on domain generalization-based fault diagnosis tasks.https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1702/13/7/563fault diagnosisrotating machinerydomain generalizationepisodic trainingfeature orthogonality
spellingShingle Yixiao Liao
Songbin Zhou
Yisen Liu
Kunkun Pang
Jing Li
Chang Li
Lulu Zhao
Episodic Training and Feature Orthogonality-Driven Domain Generalization for Rotating Machinery Fault Diagnosis Under Unseen Working Conditions
Machines
fault diagnosis
rotating machinery
domain generalization
episodic training
feature orthogonality
title Episodic Training and Feature Orthogonality-Driven Domain Generalization for Rotating Machinery Fault Diagnosis Under Unseen Working Conditions
title_full Episodic Training and Feature Orthogonality-Driven Domain Generalization for Rotating Machinery Fault Diagnosis Under Unseen Working Conditions
title_fullStr Episodic Training and Feature Orthogonality-Driven Domain Generalization for Rotating Machinery Fault Diagnosis Under Unseen Working Conditions
title_full_unstemmed Episodic Training and Feature Orthogonality-Driven Domain Generalization for Rotating Machinery Fault Diagnosis Under Unseen Working Conditions
title_short Episodic Training and Feature Orthogonality-Driven Domain Generalization for Rotating Machinery Fault Diagnosis Under Unseen Working Conditions
title_sort episodic training and feature orthogonality driven domain generalization for rotating machinery fault diagnosis under unseen working conditions
topic fault diagnosis
rotating machinery
domain generalization
episodic training
feature orthogonality
url https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1702/13/7/563
work_keys_str_mv AT yixiaoliao episodictrainingandfeatureorthogonalitydrivendomaingeneralizationforrotatingmachineryfaultdiagnosisunderunseenworkingconditions
AT songbinzhou episodictrainingandfeatureorthogonalitydrivendomaingeneralizationforrotatingmachineryfaultdiagnosisunderunseenworkingconditions
AT yisenliu episodictrainingandfeatureorthogonalitydrivendomaingeneralizationforrotatingmachineryfaultdiagnosisunderunseenworkingconditions
AT kunkunpang episodictrainingandfeatureorthogonalitydrivendomaingeneralizationforrotatingmachineryfaultdiagnosisunderunseenworkingconditions
AT jingli episodictrainingandfeatureorthogonalitydrivendomaingeneralizationforrotatingmachineryfaultdiagnosisunderunseenworkingconditions
AT changli episodictrainingandfeatureorthogonalitydrivendomaingeneralizationforrotatingmachineryfaultdiagnosisunderunseenworkingconditions
AT luluzhao episodictrainingandfeatureorthogonalitydrivendomaingeneralizationforrotatingmachineryfaultdiagnosisunderunseenworkingconditions