Estimation of Near-Surface Loosened Rock Mass Zones in Mountainous Areas by Using Helicopter-Borne and Drone-Borne Electromagnetic Method for Landslide Susceptibility Analysis
Mapping methods for loosened rock mass in mountainous areas are useful for risk management of landslide disasters. Depending on the type of aircraft and sensor, there are several different aerial electromagnetic measurement methods for estimating subsurface structures. Helicopter-borne electromagnet...
Saved in:
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2025-06-01
|
| Series: | Remote Sensing |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/17/13/2184 |
| Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
| _version_ | 1849319743889080320 |
|---|---|
| author | Atsuko Nonomura Shuichi Hasegawa Akira Jomori Minoru Okumura Haruki Ojyuku Hiroaki Hoshino Tetsuya Toyama Atsuyoshi Jomori Yoshiyuki Kaneda |
| author_facet | Atsuko Nonomura Shuichi Hasegawa Akira Jomori Minoru Okumura Haruki Ojyuku Hiroaki Hoshino Tetsuya Toyama Atsuyoshi Jomori Yoshiyuki Kaneda |
| author_sort | Atsuko Nonomura |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Mapping methods for loosened rock mass in mountainous areas are useful for risk management of landslide disasters. Depending on the type of aircraft and sensor, there are several different aerial electromagnetic measurement methods for estimating subsurface structures. Helicopter-borne electromagnetic methods are commonly used. Recently, unmanned aerial vehicles (drones) have been used. By understanding the characteristics of each method, it is possible to choose a suitable method for the target of observation. In this study, resistivity from the frequency-domain helicopter-borne electromagnetic (HEM) method and resistivity from the time-domain drone-grounded electrical-source airborne transient electromagnetic (D-GREATEM) method were compared to estimate loosened zones in mountainous areas. The resistivity cross-sectional profiles were largely similar, but differences were observed near the surface in some zones. The comparative analysis of both methods with outcrop observations revealed that D-GREATEM resistivity data can detect both loosened rock mass from the surface to an approximately 30 m depth located above the groundwater and saturated rock mass. It is because D-GREATEM resistivity was obtained by assuming five layers from the surface to a depth of 40 m. This indicates that D-GREATEM is suitable for estimating near-surface loosened rock mass distribution in the valleys. However, D-GREATEM has a limited observation range. Therefore, it was concluded that the D-GREATEM method is suitable for a detailed and localized estimation of landslide susceptibility near the surface, whereas the HEM method is suitable for wide-area analysis. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-ae4c93b5ac4348a3aa52eecc0defe918 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2072-4292 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Remote Sensing |
| spelling | doaj-art-ae4c93b5ac4348a3aa52eecc0defe9182025-08-20T03:50:21ZengMDPI AGRemote Sensing2072-42922025-06-011713218410.3390/rs17132184Estimation of Near-Surface Loosened Rock Mass Zones in Mountainous Areas by Using Helicopter-Borne and Drone-Borne Electromagnetic Method for Landslide Susceptibility AnalysisAtsuko Nonomura0Shuichi Hasegawa1Akira Jomori2Minoru Okumura3Haruki Ojyuku4Hiroaki Hoshino5Tetsuya Toyama6Atsuyoshi Jomori7Yoshiyuki Kaneda8Faculty of Engineering and Design, Kagawa University, Takamatsu 761-0396, JapanInstitution of Education, Research and Regional Cooperation for Crisis Management Shikoku, Kagawa University, Takamatsu 760-8521, JapanNeoScience Co., Sennan 590-0521, JapanDia Nippon Engineering Consultants Co., Ltd., Tokyo 102-0075, JapanGraduate School of Science for Creative Emergence, Kagawa University, Takamatsu 761-0396, JapanWest Nippon Expressway Co., Ltd., Osaka 530-0003, JapanNeoScience Co., Sennan 590-0521, JapanNeoScience Co., Sennan 590-0521, JapanInstitution of Education, Research and Regional Cooperation for Crisis Management Shikoku, Kagawa University, Takamatsu 760-8521, JapanMapping methods for loosened rock mass in mountainous areas are useful for risk management of landslide disasters. Depending on the type of aircraft and sensor, there are several different aerial electromagnetic measurement methods for estimating subsurface structures. Helicopter-borne electromagnetic methods are commonly used. Recently, unmanned aerial vehicles (drones) have been used. By understanding the characteristics of each method, it is possible to choose a suitable method for the target of observation. In this study, resistivity from the frequency-domain helicopter-borne electromagnetic (HEM) method and resistivity from the time-domain drone-grounded electrical-source airborne transient electromagnetic (D-GREATEM) method were compared to estimate loosened zones in mountainous areas. The resistivity cross-sectional profiles were largely similar, but differences were observed near the surface in some zones. The comparative analysis of both methods with outcrop observations revealed that D-GREATEM resistivity data can detect both loosened rock mass from the surface to an approximately 30 m depth located above the groundwater and saturated rock mass. It is because D-GREATEM resistivity was obtained by assuming five layers from the surface to a depth of 40 m. This indicates that D-GREATEM is suitable for estimating near-surface loosened rock mass distribution in the valleys. However, D-GREATEM has a limited observation range. Therefore, it was concluded that the D-GREATEM method is suitable for a detailed and localized estimation of landslide susceptibility near the surface, whereas the HEM method is suitable for wide-area analysis.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/17/13/2184aerial electromagnetic methodloosened rock masslandslide susceptibilityresistivityHEMdrone |
| spellingShingle | Atsuko Nonomura Shuichi Hasegawa Akira Jomori Minoru Okumura Haruki Ojyuku Hiroaki Hoshino Tetsuya Toyama Atsuyoshi Jomori Yoshiyuki Kaneda Estimation of Near-Surface Loosened Rock Mass Zones in Mountainous Areas by Using Helicopter-Borne and Drone-Borne Electromagnetic Method for Landslide Susceptibility Analysis Remote Sensing aerial electromagnetic method loosened rock mass landslide susceptibility resistivity HEM drone |
| title | Estimation of Near-Surface Loosened Rock Mass Zones in Mountainous Areas by Using Helicopter-Borne and Drone-Borne Electromagnetic Method for Landslide Susceptibility Analysis |
| title_full | Estimation of Near-Surface Loosened Rock Mass Zones in Mountainous Areas by Using Helicopter-Borne and Drone-Borne Electromagnetic Method for Landslide Susceptibility Analysis |
| title_fullStr | Estimation of Near-Surface Loosened Rock Mass Zones in Mountainous Areas by Using Helicopter-Borne and Drone-Borne Electromagnetic Method for Landslide Susceptibility Analysis |
| title_full_unstemmed | Estimation of Near-Surface Loosened Rock Mass Zones in Mountainous Areas by Using Helicopter-Borne and Drone-Borne Electromagnetic Method for Landslide Susceptibility Analysis |
| title_short | Estimation of Near-Surface Loosened Rock Mass Zones in Mountainous Areas by Using Helicopter-Borne and Drone-Borne Electromagnetic Method for Landslide Susceptibility Analysis |
| title_sort | estimation of near surface loosened rock mass zones in mountainous areas by using helicopter borne and drone borne electromagnetic method for landslide susceptibility analysis |
| topic | aerial electromagnetic method loosened rock mass landslide susceptibility resistivity HEM drone |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/17/13/2184 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT atsukononomura estimationofnearsurfaceloosenedrockmasszonesinmountainousareasbyusinghelicopterborneanddroneborneelectromagneticmethodforlandslidesusceptibilityanalysis AT shuichihasegawa estimationofnearsurfaceloosenedrockmasszonesinmountainousareasbyusinghelicopterborneanddroneborneelectromagneticmethodforlandslidesusceptibilityanalysis AT akirajomori estimationofnearsurfaceloosenedrockmasszonesinmountainousareasbyusinghelicopterborneanddroneborneelectromagneticmethodforlandslidesusceptibilityanalysis AT minoruokumura estimationofnearsurfaceloosenedrockmasszonesinmountainousareasbyusinghelicopterborneanddroneborneelectromagneticmethodforlandslidesusceptibilityanalysis AT harukiojyuku estimationofnearsurfaceloosenedrockmasszonesinmountainousareasbyusinghelicopterborneanddroneborneelectromagneticmethodforlandslidesusceptibilityanalysis AT hiroakihoshino estimationofnearsurfaceloosenedrockmasszonesinmountainousareasbyusinghelicopterborneanddroneborneelectromagneticmethodforlandslidesusceptibilityanalysis AT tetsuyatoyama estimationofnearsurfaceloosenedrockmasszonesinmountainousareasbyusinghelicopterborneanddroneborneelectromagneticmethodforlandslidesusceptibilityanalysis AT atsuyoshijomori estimationofnearsurfaceloosenedrockmasszonesinmountainousareasbyusinghelicopterborneanddroneborneelectromagneticmethodforlandslidesusceptibilityanalysis AT yoshiyukikaneda estimationofnearsurfaceloosenedrockmasszonesinmountainousareasbyusinghelicopterborneanddroneborneelectromagneticmethodforlandslidesusceptibilityanalysis |