An electrochemical sensor for dopamine on a graphene-poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulphonate hybrid ink nanoplatform

Abstract Dopamine can be used as a biomarker for diseases such as Alzheimer’s, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, mania, to mention a few, as well as addiction to tobacco. Thus, its measurement is of biomedical importance. We present an easy-to-construct, one-step, electrochemical sensor for dopamine...

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Main Authors: Sesethu Makaluza, Nyasha Midzi, Foluke O. G. Olorundare, Busisiwe N. Zwane, Duduzile Nkosi, Omotayo A. Arotiba
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Springer 2025-04-01
Series:Discover Applied Sciences
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Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-025-06694-y
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author Sesethu Makaluza
Nyasha Midzi
Foluke O. G. Olorundare
Busisiwe N. Zwane
Duduzile Nkosi
Omotayo A. Arotiba
author_facet Sesethu Makaluza
Nyasha Midzi
Foluke O. G. Olorundare
Busisiwe N. Zwane
Duduzile Nkosi
Omotayo A. Arotiba
author_sort Sesethu Makaluza
collection DOAJ
description Abstract Dopamine can be used as a biomarker for diseases such as Alzheimer’s, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, mania, to mention a few, as well as addiction to tobacco. Thus, its measurement is of biomedical importance. We present an easy-to-construct, one-step, electrochemical sensor for dopamine based on drop coating of a commercial graphene/poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulphonate (Gr-PEDOT:PSS) hybrid ink dispersion on a bare glassy carbon electrode surface. The conductive polymer’s structural properties and composition were explored using XRD, Raman, FTIR spectroscopy and electron microscopy. The nanocomposite exhibited a uniform size distribution and functional groups such as aromatic, thiol, and olefinic bonds improved the surface chemistry between the electrolyte/analyte and the electrode. Characterization through electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and voltammetry demonstrated that the Gr-PEDOT:PSS hybrid ink sensor significantly enhances the electron transfer kinetics at the bare electrode surface and therefore improve the electrooxidation of dopamine. The sensor achieved a detection limit of 0.19 µM within a linear concentration range of 3.13–400 µM dopamine. It also exhibited high selectivity against potential interfering agents like ascorbic acid, caffeine, and urea, with recovery percentages ranging from 105 to 109% in human serum samples.
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spelling doaj-art-ae2a2b9640e345e785d4147cd3b3b6132025-08-20T02:08:09ZengSpringerDiscover Applied Sciences3004-92612025-04-017411310.1007/s42452-025-06694-yAn electrochemical sensor for dopamine on a graphene-poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulphonate hybrid ink nanoplatformSesethu Makaluza0Nyasha Midzi1Foluke O. G. Olorundare2Busisiwe N. Zwane3Duduzile Nkosi4Omotayo A. Arotiba5Department of Chemical Sciences, University of JohannesburgDepartment of Chemical Sciences, University of JohannesburgDepartment of Chemical Sciences, University of JohannesburgDepartment of Chemical Sciences, University of JohannesburgDepartment of Chemical Sciences, University of JohannesburgDepartment of Chemical Sciences, University of JohannesburgAbstract Dopamine can be used as a biomarker for diseases such as Alzheimer’s, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, mania, to mention a few, as well as addiction to tobacco. Thus, its measurement is of biomedical importance. We present an easy-to-construct, one-step, electrochemical sensor for dopamine based on drop coating of a commercial graphene/poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulphonate (Gr-PEDOT:PSS) hybrid ink dispersion on a bare glassy carbon electrode surface. The conductive polymer’s structural properties and composition were explored using XRD, Raman, FTIR spectroscopy and electron microscopy. The nanocomposite exhibited a uniform size distribution and functional groups such as aromatic, thiol, and olefinic bonds improved the surface chemistry between the electrolyte/analyte and the electrode. Characterization through electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and voltammetry demonstrated that the Gr-PEDOT:PSS hybrid ink sensor significantly enhances the electron transfer kinetics at the bare electrode surface and therefore improve the electrooxidation of dopamine. The sensor achieved a detection limit of 0.19 µM within a linear concentration range of 3.13–400 µM dopamine. It also exhibited high selectivity against potential interfering agents like ascorbic acid, caffeine, and urea, with recovery percentages ranging from 105 to 109% in human serum samples.https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-025-06694-yElectrochemical sensorDopamineGraphene-poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)Polystyrene sulphonateElectrode modification
spellingShingle Sesethu Makaluza
Nyasha Midzi
Foluke O. G. Olorundare
Busisiwe N. Zwane
Duduzile Nkosi
Omotayo A. Arotiba
An electrochemical sensor for dopamine on a graphene-poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulphonate hybrid ink nanoplatform
Discover Applied Sciences
Electrochemical sensor
Dopamine
Graphene-poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)
Polystyrene sulphonate
Electrode modification
title An electrochemical sensor for dopamine on a graphene-poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulphonate hybrid ink nanoplatform
title_full An electrochemical sensor for dopamine on a graphene-poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulphonate hybrid ink nanoplatform
title_fullStr An electrochemical sensor for dopamine on a graphene-poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulphonate hybrid ink nanoplatform
title_full_unstemmed An electrochemical sensor for dopamine on a graphene-poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulphonate hybrid ink nanoplatform
title_short An electrochemical sensor for dopamine on a graphene-poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulphonate hybrid ink nanoplatform
title_sort electrochemical sensor for dopamine on a graphene poly 3 4 ethylenedioxythiophene polystyrene sulphonate hybrid ink nanoplatform
topic Electrochemical sensor
Dopamine
Graphene-poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)
Polystyrene sulphonate
Electrode modification
url https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-025-06694-y
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