Evaluation of Bioactive Compounds and Chemical Elements in Herbs: Effectiveness of Choline Chloride-Based Deep Eutectic Solvents in Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction
In this study, the effectiveness of three choline chloride (ChCl)-based deep eutectic solvents (DESs) formed using malonic acid (MalA), glycerol (Gly), and glucose (Glu) as hydrogen bond donors and two conventional solvents (50% methanol and 50% ethanol) for ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) of a...
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2025-01-01
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| author | Aleksandra Szydłowska-Czerniak Agnieszka Kowaluk Michał Strzelec Tomasz Sawicki Małgorzata Tańska |
| author_facet | Aleksandra Szydłowska-Czerniak Agnieszka Kowaluk Michał Strzelec Tomasz Sawicki Małgorzata Tańska |
| author_sort | Aleksandra Szydłowska-Czerniak |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In this study, the effectiveness of three choline chloride (ChCl)-based deep eutectic solvents (DESs) formed using malonic acid (MalA), glycerol (Gly), and glucose (Glu) as hydrogen bond donors and two conventional solvents (50% methanol and 50% ethanol) for ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) of antioxidant compounds from four herbs (chamomile, lemon balm, nettle, and spearmint) were estimated. The antioxidant capacity (AC) of the obtained herb extracts was determined by the modified 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) methods. Profiles of phenolic acids, flavonoid aglycones, and flavonoid glycosides in the green and conventional herb extracts were quantitatively analyzed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC). Among the prepared DESs, the highest antioxidant potential and total contents of phenolic acids, flavonoid aglycones, and flavonoid glycosides in herb extracts were achieved using ChCl:MalA (1:1). Unexpectedly, the selected green solvents extracted significantly lower amounts of total antioxidants from the investigated herbs than 50% alcohols. Additionally, macroelements (K, Na, Ca, Mg), micronutrients (Mn, Zn, Fe, Cu), and a toxic element (Cd) in four herbs were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (ICP–MS). Determining the compositions of antioxidants and elements in herbs is essential for understanding their nutritive importance when applied in the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-ade713aaada64fb882a85017a3035cba |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1420-3049 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Molecules |
| spelling | doaj-art-ade713aaada64fb882a85017a3035cba2025-01-24T13:43:48ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492025-01-0130236810.3390/molecules30020368Evaluation of Bioactive Compounds and Chemical Elements in Herbs: Effectiveness of Choline Chloride-Based Deep Eutectic Solvents in Ultrasound-Assisted ExtractionAleksandra Szydłowska-Czerniak0Agnieszka Kowaluk1Michał Strzelec2Tomasz Sawicki3Małgorzata Tańska4Department of Analytical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 87-100 Toruń, PolandCentral Office of Measures, Laboratory of Electrochemical and Inorganic Analyzes, Department of Physical and Environmental Chemistry, 00-139 Warszawa, PolandCentral Office of Measures, Laboratory of Electrochemical and Inorganic Analyzes, Department of Physical and Environmental Chemistry, 00-139 Warszawa, PolandDepartment of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Food Science, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-718 Olsztyn, PolandDepartment of Food Plant Chemistry and Processing, Faculty of Food Science, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-718 Olsztyn, PolandIn this study, the effectiveness of three choline chloride (ChCl)-based deep eutectic solvents (DESs) formed using malonic acid (MalA), glycerol (Gly), and glucose (Glu) as hydrogen bond donors and two conventional solvents (50% methanol and 50% ethanol) for ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) of antioxidant compounds from four herbs (chamomile, lemon balm, nettle, and spearmint) were estimated. The antioxidant capacity (AC) of the obtained herb extracts was determined by the modified 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) methods. Profiles of phenolic acids, flavonoid aglycones, and flavonoid glycosides in the green and conventional herb extracts were quantitatively analyzed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC). Among the prepared DESs, the highest antioxidant potential and total contents of phenolic acids, flavonoid aglycones, and flavonoid glycosides in herb extracts were achieved using ChCl:MalA (1:1). Unexpectedly, the selected green solvents extracted significantly lower amounts of total antioxidants from the investigated herbs than 50% alcohols. Additionally, macroelements (K, Na, Ca, Mg), micronutrients (Mn, Zn, Fe, Cu), and a toxic element (Cd) in four herbs were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (ICP–MS). Determining the compositions of antioxidants and elements in herbs is essential for understanding their nutritive importance when applied in the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/30/2/368herbseco-friendly solventsultrasound-assisted extractionantioxidant capacityantioxidant compoundsmulti-elemental profile |
| spellingShingle | Aleksandra Szydłowska-Czerniak Agnieszka Kowaluk Michał Strzelec Tomasz Sawicki Małgorzata Tańska Evaluation of Bioactive Compounds and Chemical Elements in Herbs: Effectiveness of Choline Chloride-Based Deep Eutectic Solvents in Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction Molecules herbs eco-friendly solvents ultrasound-assisted extraction antioxidant capacity antioxidant compounds multi-elemental profile |
| title | Evaluation of Bioactive Compounds and Chemical Elements in Herbs: Effectiveness of Choline Chloride-Based Deep Eutectic Solvents in Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction |
| title_full | Evaluation of Bioactive Compounds and Chemical Elements in Herbs: Effectiveness of Choline Chloride-Based Deep Eutectic Solvents in Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction |
| title_fullStr | Evaluation of Bioactive Compounds and Chemical Elements in Herbs: Effectiveness of Choline Chloride-Based Deep Eutectic Solvents in Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction |
| title_full_unstemmed | Evaluation of Bioactive Compounds and Chemical Elements in Herbs: Effectiveness of Choline Chloride-Based Deep Eutectic Solvents in Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction |
| title_short | Evaluation of Bioactive Compounds and Chemical Elements in Herbs: Effectiveness of Choline Chloride-Based Deep Eutectic Solvents in Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction |
| title_sort | evaluation of bioactive compounds and chemical elements in herbs effectiveness of choline chloride based deep eutectic solvents in ultrasound assisted extraction |
| topic | herbs eco-friendly solvents ultrasound-assisted extraction antioxidant capacity antioxidant compounds multi-elemental profile |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/30/2/368 |
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