Potential Compounds as Inhibitors of Staphylococcal Virulence Factors Involved in the Development of Thrombosis
For many years, staphylococci have been detected mainly in infections of the skin and soft tissues, organs, bone inflammations, and generalized infections. Thromboembolic diseases have also become a serious plague of our times, which, as it turns out, are closely related to the toxic effects of stap...
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2025-07-01
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| author | Anna Lichota Krzysztof Gwozdzinski Monika Sienkiewicz |
| author_facet | Anna Lichota Krzysztof Gwozdzinski Monika Sienkiewicz |
| author_sort | Anna Lichota |
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| description | For many years, staphylococci have been detected mainly in infections of the skin and soft tissues, organs, bone inflammations, and generalized infections. Thromboembolic diseases have also become a serious plague of our times, which, as it turns out, are closely related to the toxic effects of staphylococci. <i>Staphylococcus aureus,</i> because of the presence of many different kinds of virulence factors, is capable of manipulating the host’s innate and adaptive immune responses. These include toxins and cofactors that activate host zymogens and exoenzymes, as well as superantigens, which are highly inflammatory and cause leukocyte death. Coagulases and staphylokinases can control the host’s coagulation system. Nucleases and proteases inactivate various immune defense and surveillance proteins, including complement components, peptides and antibacterial proteins, and surface receptors that are important for leukocyte chemotaxis. On the other hand, secreted toxins and exoenzymes are proteins that disrupt the endothelial and epithelial barrier as a result of cell lysis and disintegration of linking proteins, which ultimately increases the risk of thromboembolism. In this review, we discuss various virulence factors and substances that may inhibit their activity. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-adb95d172f374927b4dd972837b2b46a |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2072-6651 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-07-01 |
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| series | Toxins |
| spelling | doaj-art-adb95d172f374927b4dd972837b2b46a2025-08-20T03:56:45ZengMDPI AGToxins2072-66512025-07-0117734010.3390/toxins17070340Potential Compounds as Inhibitors of Staphylococcal Virulence Factors Involved in the Development of ThrombosisAnna Lichota0Krzysztof Gwozdzinski1Monika Sienkiewicz2Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Microbiological Diagnostics, Medical University of Lodz, 90-151 Lodz, PolandDepartment of Oncobiology and Epigenetics, University of Lodz, 90-236 Lodz, PolandDepartment of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Microbiological Diagnostics, Medical University of Lodz, 90-151 Lodz, PolandFor many years, staphylococci have been detected mainly in infections of the skin and soft tissues, organs, bone inflammations, and generalized infections. Thromboembolic diseases have also become a serious plague of our times, which, as it turns out, are closely related to the toxic effects of staphylococci. <i>Staphylococcus aureus,</i> because of the presence of many different kinds of virulence factors, is capable of manipulating the host’s innate and adaptive immune responses. These include toxins and cofactors that activate host zymogens and exoenzymes, as well as superantigens, which are highly inflammatory and cause leukocyte death. Coagulases and staphylokinases can control the host’s coagulation system. Nucleases and proteases inactivate various immune defense and surveillance proteins, including complement components, peptides and antibacterial proteins, and surface receptors that are important for leukocyte chemotaxis. On the other hand, secreted toxins and exoenzymes are proteins that disrupt the endothelial and epithelial barrier as a result of cell lysis and disintegration of linking proteins, which ultimately increases the risk of thromboembolism. In this review, we discuss various virulence factors and substances that may inhibit their activity.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/17/7/340staphylococcal virulence factorstherapeutic strategiesstaphylococcal infectionsthrombosis |
| spellingShingle | Anna Lichota Krzysztof Gwozdzinski Monika Sienkiewicz Potential Compounds as Inhibitors of Staphylococcal Virulence Factors Involved in the Development of Thrombosis Toxins staphylococcal virulence factors therapeutic strategies staphylococcal infections thrombosis |
| title | Potential Compounds as Inhibitors of Staphylococcal Virulence Factors Involved in the Development of Thrombosis |
| title_full | Potential Compounds as Inhibitors of Staphylococcal Virulence Factors Involved in the Development of Thrombosis |
| title_fullStr | Potential Compounds as Inhibitors of Staphylococcal Virulence Factors Involved in the Development of Thrombosis |
| title_full_unstemmed | Potential Compounds as Inhibitors of Staphylococcal Virulence Factors Involved in the Development of Thrombosis |
| title_short | Potential Compounds as Inhibitors of Staphylococcal Virulence Factors Involved in the Development of Thrombosis |
| title_sort | potential compounds as inhibitors of staphylococcal virulence factors involved in the development of thrombosis |
| topic | staphylococcal virulence factors therapeutic strategies staphylococcal infections thrombosis |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/17/7/340 |
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