Reinforcement Learning-Based Time-Slotted Protocol: A Reinforcement Learning Approach for Optimizing Long-Range Network Scalability
The Internet of Things (IoT) is revolutionizing communication by connecting everyday objects to the Internet, enabling data exchange and automation. Low-Power Wide-Area networks (LPWANs) provide a wireless communication solution optimized for long-range, low-power IoT devices. LoRa is a prominent LP...
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MDPI AG
2025-04-01
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| Series: | Sensors |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/25/8/2420 |
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| author | Nuha Alhattab Fatma Bouabdallah Enas F. Khairullah Aishah Aseeri |
| author_facet | Nuha Alhattab Fatma Bouabdallah Enas F. Khairullah Aishah Aseeri |
| author_sort | Nuha Alhattab |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The Internet of Things (IoT) is revolutionizing communication by connecting everyday objects to the Internet, enabling data exchange and automation. Low-Power Wide-Area networks (LPWANs) provide a wireless communication solution optimized for long-range, low-power IoT devices. LoRa is a prominent LPWAN technology; its ability to provide long-range, low-power wireless connectivity makes it ideal for IoT applications that cover large areas or where battery life is critical. Despite its advantages, LoRa uses a random access mode, which makes it susceptible to increased collisions as the network expands. In addition, the scalability of LoRa is affected by the distribution of its transmission parameters. This paper introduces a Reinforcement Learning-based Time-Slotted (RL-TS) LoRa protocol that incorporates a mechanism for distributing transmission parameters. It leverages a reinforcement learning algorithm, enabling nodes to autonomously select their time slots, thereby optimizing the allocation of transmission parameters and TDMA slots. To evaluate the effectiveness of our approach, we conduct simulations to assess the convergence speed of the reinforcement learning algorithm, as well as its impact on throughput and packet delivery ratio (PDR). The results demonstrate significant improvements, with PDR increasing from 0.45–0.85 in LoRa to 0.88–0.97 in RL-TS, and throughput rising from 80–150 packets to 156–172 packets. Additionally, RL-TS achieves 82% reduction in collisions compared to LoRa, highlighting its effectiveness in enhancing network performance. Moreover, a detailed comparison with conventional LoRa and other existing protocols is provided, highlighting the advantages of the proposed method. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-ada6525c3f4c4724b387e9c5af2922c9 |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 1424-8220 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Sensors |
| spelling | doaj-art-ada6525c3f4c4724b387e9c5af2922c92025-08-20T02:25:07ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202025-04-01258242010.3390/s25082420Reinforcement Learning-Based Time-Slotted Protocol: A Reinforcement Learning Approach for Optimizing Long-Range Network ScalabilityNuha Alhattab0Fatma Bouabdallah1Enas F. Khairullah2Aishah Aseeri3Faculty of Computing and Information Technology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi ArabiaFaculty of Science and Engineering, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UKFaculty of Computing and Information Technology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi ArabiaFaculty of Computing and Information Technology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi ArabiaThe Internet of Things (IoT) is revolutionizing communication by connecting everyday objects to the Internet, enabling data exchange and automation. Low-Power Wide-Area networks (LPWANs) provide a wireless communication solution optimized for long-range, low-power IoT devices. LoRa is a prominent LPWAN technology; its ability to provide long-range, low-power wireless connectivity makes it ideal for IoT applications that cover large areas or where battery life is critical. Despite its advantages, LoRa uses a random access mode, which makes it susceptible to increased collisions as the network expands. In addition, the scalability of LoRa is affected by the distribution of its transmission parameters. This paper introduces a Reinforcement Learning-based Time-Slotted (RL-TS) LoRa protocol that incorporates a mechanism for distributing transmission parameters. It leverages a reinforcement learning algorithm, enabling nodes to autonomously select their time slots, thereby optimizing the allocation of transmission parameters and TDMA slots. To evaluate the effectiveness of our approach, we conduct simulations to assess the convergence speed of the reinforcement learning algorithm, as well as its impact on throughput and packet delivery ratio (PDR). The results demonstrate significant improvements, with PDR increasing from 0.45–0.85 in LoRa to 0.88–0.97 in RL-TS, and throughput rising from 80–150 packets to 156–172 packets. Additionally, RL-TS achieves 82% reduction in collisions compared to LoRa, highlighting its effectiveness in enhancing network performance. Moreover, a detailed comparison with conventional LoRa and other existing protocols is provided, highlighting the advantages of the proposed method.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/25/8/2420LoRaQ-learningLPWANscalabilityIoT |
| spellingShingle | Nuha Alhattab Fatma Bouabdallah Enas F. Khairullah Aishah Aseeri Reinforcement Learning-Based Time-Slotted Protocol: A Reinforcement Learning Approach for Optimizing Long-Range Network Scalability Sensors LoRa Q-learning LPWAN scalability IoT |
| title | Reinforcement Learning-Based Time-Slotted Protocol: A Reinforcement Learning Approach for Optimizing Long-Range Network Scalability |
| title_full | Reinforcement Learning-Based Time-Slotted Protocol: A Reinforcement Learning Approach for Optimizing Long-Range Network Scalability |
| title_fullStr | Reinforcement Learning-Based Time-Slotted Protocol: A Reinforcement Learning Approach for Optimizing Long-Range Network Scalability |
| title_full_unstemmed | Reinforcement Learning-Based Time-Slotted Protocol: A Reinforcement Learning Approach for Optimizing Long-Range Network Scalability |
| title_short | Reinforcement Learning-Based Time-Slotted Protocol: A Reinforcement Learning Approach for Optimizing Long-Range Network Scalability |
| title_sort | reinforcement learning based time slotted protocol a reinforcement learning approach for optimizing long range network scalability |
| topic | LoRa Q-learning LPWAN scalability IoT |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/25/8/2420 |
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