Impact of Anthropomorphic Shape and Skin Stratification on Absorbed Power Density in mmWaves Exposure Scenarios
As data exchange demands increase also in widespread wearable technologies, transitioning to higher bandwidths and mmWave frequencies (30–300 GHz) is essential. This shift raises concerns about RF exposure. At such high frequencies, the most crucial human tissue for RF power absorption is the skin,...
Saved in:
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2025-07-01
|
| Series: | Sensors |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/25/14/4461 |
| Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
| _version_ | 1849251941060706304 |
|---|---|
| author | Silvia Gallucci Martina Benini Marta Bonato Valentina Galletta Emma Chiaramello Serena Fiocchi Gabriella Tognola Marta Parazzini |
| author_facet | Silvia Gallucci Martina Benini Marta Bonato Valentina Galletta Emma Chiaramello Serena Fiocchi Gabriella Tognola Marta Parazzini |
| author_sort | Silvia Gallucci |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | As data exchange demands increase also in widespread wearable technologies, transitioning to higher bandwidths and mmWave frequencies (30–300 GHz) is essential. This shift raises concerns about RF exposure. At such high frequencies, the most crucial human tissue for RF power absorption is the skin, since EMF penetration is superficial. It becomes thus very important to assess how the model used to represent the skin in numerical dosimetry studies affects the estimated level of absorbed power. The present study, for the first time, assesses the absorbed power density (APD) using FDTD simulations on two realistic human models in which: (i) the skin has a two-layer structure made of the stratum corneum and the viable epidermis and dermis layers, and (ii) the skin is modelled as a homogeneous dermis stratum. These results were compared with ones using flat phantom models, with and without the stratified skin. The exposure assessment study was performed with two sources (a wearable patch antenna and a plane wave) tuned to 28 GHz. For the wearable antenna, the results evidence that the exposure levels obtained when using the homogeneous version of the models are always lower than the levels in the stratified skin version with percentage differences from 16% to 30%. This trend is more noticeable with the female model. In the case of plane wave exposure, these differences were less pronounced and lower than 11%. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-ad7bb325f2fa4f31bee7f1e47465dd3b |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1424-8220 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Sensors |
| spelling | doaj-art-ad7bb325f2fa4f31bee7f1e47465dd3b2025-08-20T03:56:46ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202025-07-012514446110.3390/s25144461Impact of Anthropomorphic Shape and Skin Stratification on Absorbed Power Density in mmWaves Exposure ScenariosSilvia Gallucci0Martina Benini1Marta Bonato2Valentina Galletta3Emma Chiaramello4Serena Fiocchi5Gabriella Tognola6Marta Parazzini7Istituto di Elettronica e di Ingegneria dell’Informazione e delle Telecomunicazioni (IEIIT), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), 20133 Milan, ItalyIstituto di Elettronica e di Ingegneria dell’Informazione e delle Telecomunicazioni (IEIIT), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), 20133 Milan, ItalyIstituto di Elettronica e di Ingegneria dell’Informazione e delle Telecomunicazioni (IEIIT), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), 20133 Milan, ItalyIstituto di Elettronica e di Ingegneria dell’Informazione e delle Telecomunicazioni (IEIIT), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), 20133 Milan, ItalyIstituto di Elettronica e di Ingegneria dell’Informazione e delle Telecomunicazioni (IEIIT), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), 20133 Milan, ItalyIstituto di Elettronica e di Ingegneria dell’Informazione e delle Telecomunicazioni (IEIIT), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), 20133 Milan, ItalyIstituto di Elettronica e di Ingegneria dell’Informazione e delle Telecomunicazioni (IEIIT), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), 20133 Milan, ItalyIstituto di Elettronica e di Ingegneria dell’Informazione e delle Telecomunicazioni (IEIIT), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), 20133 Milan, ItalyAs data exchange demands increase also in widespread wearable technologies, transitioning to higher bandwidths and mmWave frequencies (30–300 GHz) is essential. This shift raises concerns about RF exposure. At such high frequencies, the most crucial human tissue for RF power absorption is the skin, since EMF penetration is superficial. It becomes thus very important to assess how the model used to represent the skin in numerical dosimetry studies affects the estimated level of absorbed power. The present study, for the first time, assesses the absorbed power density (APD) using FDTD simulations on two realistic human models in which: (i) the skin has a two-layer structure made of the stratum corneum and the viable epidermis and dermis layers, and (ii) the skin is modelled as a homogeneous dermis stratum. These results were compared with ones using flat phantom models, with and without the stratified skin. The exposure assessment study was performed with two sources (a wearable patch antenna and a plane wave) tuned to 28 GHz. For the wearable antenna, the results evidence that the exposure levels obtained when using the homogeneous version of the models are always lower than the levels in the stratified skin version with percentage differences from 16% to 30%. This trend is more noticeable with the female model. In the case of plane wave exposure, these differences were less pronounced and lower than 11%.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/25/14/4461absorbed power densitycomputational dosimetrymmWave wearable devicemulti-layer modelsplane wave exposurerealistic human models |
| spellingShingle | Silvia Gallucci Martina Benini Marta Bonato Valentina Galletta Emma Chiaramello Serena Fiocchi Gabriella Tognola Marta Parazzini Impact of Anthropomorphic Shape and Skin Stratification on Absorbed Power Density in mmWaves Exposure Scenarios Sensors absorbed power density computational dosimetry mmWave wearable device multi-layer models plane wave exposure realistic human models |
| title | Impact of Anthropomorphic Shape and Skin Stratification on Absorbed Power Density in mmWaves Exposure Scenarios |
| title_full | Impact of Anthropomorphic Shape and Skin Stratification on Absorbed Power Density in mmWaves Exposure Scenarios |
| title_fullStr | Impact of Anthropomorphic Shape and Skin Stratification on Absorbed Power Density in mmWaves Exposure Scenarios |
| title_full_unstemmed | Impact of Anthropomorphic Shape and Skin Stratification on Absorbed Power Density in mmWaves Exposure Scenarios |
| title_short | Impact of Anthropomorphic Shape and Skin Stratification on Absorbed Power Density in mmWaves Exposure Scenarios |
| title_sort | impact of anthropomorphic shape and skin stratification on absorbed power density in mmwaves exposure scenarios |
| topic | absorbed power density computational dosimetry mmWave wearable device multi-layer models plane wave exposure realistic human models |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/25/14/4461 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT silviagallucci impactofanthropomorphicshapeandskinstratificationonabsorbedpowerdensityinmmwavesexposurescenarios AT martinabenini impactofanthropomorphicshapeandskinstratificationonabsorbedpowerdensityinmmwavesexposurescenarios AT martabonato impactofanthropomorphicshapeandskinstratificationonabsorbedpowerdensityinmmwavesexposurescenarios AT valentinagalletta impactofanthropomorphicshapeandskinstratificationonabsorbedpowerdensityinmmwavesexposurescenarios AT emmachiaramello impactofanthropomorphicshapeandskinstratificationonabsorbedpowerdensityinmmwavesexposurescenarios AT serenafiocchi impactofanthropomorphicshapeandskinstratificationonabsorbedpowerdensityinmmwavesexposurescenarios AT gabriellatognola impactofanthropomorphicshapeandskinstratificationonabsorbedpowerdensityinmmwavesexposurescenarios AT martaparazzini impactofanthropomorphicshapeandskinstratificationonabsorbedpowerdensityinmmwavesexposurescenarios |