Polybrominated Dibenzo-p-dioxins/Furans (PBDD/Fs) and Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) in the Indoor and Outdoor of Gymnasiums
Abstract It is still unknown whether the organobromine compounds in the indoor environment of the gyms would affect human health. This study tried to investigate PM2.5 and indoor-dust levels of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (PBDD/Fs) and diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in the gyms and then to furt...
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| Format: | Article |
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Springer
2022-08-01
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| Series: | Aerosol and Air Quality Research |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.220264 |
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| author | Ching-Kai Su Jian-He Lu How-Ran Chao Wei-Hsiang Chang Ming-Hsien Tsai Chih-Lung Wang I-Cheng Lu Yu-Ting Chang Hsiao-Chi Chuang Wan-Nurdiyana-Wan Mansor Yi-Chyun Hsu Ying-I Tsai Shang-Ming Ma |
| author_facet | Ching-Kai Su Jian-He Lu How-Ran Chao Wei-Hsiang Chang Ming-Hsien Tsai Chih-Lung Wang I-Cheng Lu Yu-Ting Chang Hsiao-Chi Chuang Wan-Nurdiyana-Wan Mansor Yi-Chyun Hsu Ying-I Tsai Shang-Ming Ma |
| author_sort | Ching-Kai Su |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract It is still unknown whether the organobromine compounds in the indoor environment of the gyms would affect human health. This study tried to investigate PM2.5 and indoor-dust levels of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (PBDD/Fs) and diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in the gyms and then to further assess the health risks of the gym users and employees who were exposed to these organobromines through inhalation and ingestion. The gyms were to be examined for PBDD/DF/DEs on PM2.5 indoors and outdoors and in indoor dust. The results showed that indoor-dust, indoor PM2.5, and outdoor PM2.5 levels of PBDD/Fs were 37.8 ± 13.7 pg WHO2005-TEQ g–1 and 0.00650 ± 0.00340 and 0.00469 ± 0.00101 pg WHO2005-TEQ m–3, respectively, in the gyms, while for PBDEs, they were 2670 ± 2330 ng g–1 and 9.54 ± 4.68, and 8.27 ± 3.46 pg m–3. The PBDEs levels observed in this study were relatively lower when compared with the current global data of PM2.5 and indoor dust levels of PBDEs. The observed PM2.5-bound PBDDFs and PBDEs in the indoor gyms were not related to those in the outdoor gyms, but certain PBDE level was associated with PBDD/Fs in the indoor dust of the gyms. It suggested that the outdoor emission might not be correlated with the indoor emission, whereas indoor-dust PBDD/Fs might be converted from the pyrolysis of indoor-dust PBDEs. To assess the risks, the non-dietary daily intakes of PBDEs and PBDD/Fs were estimated as 1.61–2.11 × 10–7 and 4.15–5.42 × 10–13 mg kg b.w.–1 day–1, respectively, in the employees and 5.04–6.58 × 10–8 and 1.29–1.69 × 10–13 mg kg b.w.–1 day–1, respectively, in the gym users. The values didn’t exceed the critical levels when the gym employees and users were assessed by non-cancer and cancer risks of organobromines. In conclusion, although the gym employees and users inhaled more PM2.5 during the exercise, the risks of PBDD/DE/DFs were still under the acceptable levels. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-ad54379bf53048178929b5b73938d972 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1680-8584 2071-1409 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2022-08-01 |
| publisher | Springer |
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| series | Aerosol and Air Quality Research |
| spelling | doaj-art-ad54379bf53048178929b5b73938d9722025-02-09T12:18:30ZengSpringerAerosol and Air Quality Research1680-85842071-14092022-08-0122911610.4209/aaqr.220264Polybrominated Dibenzo-p-dioxins/Furans (PBDD/Fs) and Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) in the Indoor and Outdoor of GymnasiumsChing-Kai Su0Jian-He Lu1How-Ran Chao2Wei-Hsiang Chang3Ming-Hsien Tsai4Chih-Lung Wang5I-Cheng Lu6Yu-Ting Chang7Hsiao-Chi Chuang8Wan-Nurdiyana-Wan Mansor9Yi-Chyun Hsu10Ying-I Tsai11Shang-Ming Ma12Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and TechnologyEmerging Compounds Research Center, General Research Service Center, National Pingtung University of Science and TechnologyDepartment of Environmental Science and Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and TechnologyDepartment of Food Safety/ Hygiene and Risk Management, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung UniversityDepartment of Child Care, National Pingtung University of Science and TechnologyDepartment of Civil Engineering and Geomatics, Cheng Shiu UniversityDepartment of Environmental Science and Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and TechnologyDepartment of Environmental Science and Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and TechnologySchool of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical UniversityFaculty of Ocean Engineering Technology & Informatics, Universiti Malaysia TerengganuDepartment of Environmental Engineering, Kun Shan UniversityDepartment of Environmental Engineering and Science, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy & ScienceDepartment of Recreational Sport and Health Promotion, National Pingtung University of Science and TechnologyAbstract It is still unknown whether the organobromine compounds in the indoor environment of the gyms would affect human health. This study tried to investigate PM2.5 and indoor-dust levels of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (PBDD/Fs) and diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in the gyms and then to further assess the health risks of the gym users and employees who were exposed to these organobromines through inhalation and ingestion. The gyms were to be examined for PBDD/DF/DEs on PM2.5 indoors and outdoors and in indoor dust. The results showed that indoor-dust, indoor PM2.5, and outdoor PM2.5 levels of PBDD/Fs were 37.8 ± 13.7 pg WHO2005-TEQ g–1 and 0.00650 ± 0.00340 and 0.00469 ± 0.00101 pg WHO2005-TEQ m–3, respectively, in the gyms, while for PBDEs, they were 2670 ± 2330 ng g–1 and 9.54 ± 4.68, and 8.27 ± 3.46 pg m–3. The PBDEs levels observed in this study were relatively lower when compared with the current global data of PM2.5 and indoor dust levels of PBDEs. The observed PM2.5-bound PBDDFs and PBDEs in the indoor gyms were not related to those in the outdoor gyms, but certain PBDE level was associated with PBDD/Fs in the indoor dust of the gyms. It suggested that the outdoor emission might not be correlated with the indoor emission, whereas indoor-dust PBDD/Fs might be converted from the pyrolysis of indoor-dust PBDEs. To assess the risks, the non-dietary daily intakes of PBDEs and PBDD/Fs were estimated as 1.61–2.11 × 10–7 and 4.15–5.42 × 10–13 mg kg b.w.–1 day–1, respectively, in the employees and 5.04–6.58 × 10–8 and 1.29–1.69 × 10–13 mg kg b.w.–1 day–1, respectively, in the gym users. The values didn’t exceed the critical levels when the gym employees and users were assessed by non-cancer and cancer risks of organobromines. In conclusion, although the gym employees and users inhaled more PM2.5 during the exercise, the risks of PBDD/DE/DFs were still under the acceptable levels.https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.220264PM2.5Indoor dustPBDEs and PBDD/FsGymHealth risks |
| spellingShingle | Ching-Kai Su Jian-He Lu How-Ran Chao Wei-Hsiang Chang Ming-Hsien Tsai Chih-Lung Wang I-Cheng Lu Yu-Ting Chang Hsiao-Chi Chuang Wan-Nurdiyana-Wan Mansor Yi-Chyun Hsu Ying-I Tsai Shang-Ming Ma Polybrominated Dibenzo-p-dioxins/Furans (PBDD/Fs) and Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) in the Indoor and Outdoor of Gymnasiums Aerosol and Air Quality Research PM2.5 Indoor dust PBDEs and PBDD/Fs Gym Health risks |
| title | Polybrominated Dibenzo-p-dioxins/Furans (PBDD/Fs) and Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) in the Indoor and Outdoor of Gymnasiums |
| title_full | Polybrominated Dibenzo-p-dioxins/Furans (PBDD/Fs) and Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) in the Indoor and Outdoor of Gymnasiums |
| title_fullStr | Polybrominated Dibenzo-p-dioxins/Furans (PBDD/Fs) and Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) in the Indoor and Outdoor of Gymnasiums |
| title_full_unstemmed | Polybrominated Dibenzo-p-dioxins/Furans (PBDD/Fs) and Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) in the Indoor and Outdoor of Gymnasiums |
| title_short | Polybrominated Dibenzo-p-dioxins/Furans (PBDD/Fs) and Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) in the Indoor and Outdoor of Gymnasiums |
| title_sort | polybrominated dibenzo p dioxins furans pbdd fs and diphenyl ethers pbdes in the indoor and outdoor of gymnasiums |
| topic | PM2.5 Indoor dust PBDEs and PBDD/Fs Gym Health risks |
| url | https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.220264 |
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