Dependence of Planet Populations on Stellar Mass and Metallicity: A Pebble-accretion-based Planet Population Synthesis Model
The formation and evolution of planetary systems are linked to their host stellar environment. In this study, we employ a pebble-accretion-based planet population synthesis model to explore the correlation between planetary properties and stellar mass/metallicity. Our numerical results reproduce sev...
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| Format: | Article |
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IOP Publishing
2025-01-01
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| Series: | The Astrophysical Journal |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/adc7a9 |
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| author | Mengrui Pan Beibei Liu Linjie Jiang Jiwei Xie Wei Zhu Ignasi Ribas |
| author_facet | Mengrui Pan Beibei Liu Linjie Jiang Jiwei Xie Wei Zhu Ignasi Ribas |
| author_sort | Mengrui Pan |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The formation and evolution of planetary systems are linked to their host stellar environment. In this study, we employ a pebble-accretion-based planet population synthesis model to explore the correlation between planetary properties and stellar mass/metallicity. Our numerical results reproduce several main aspects of exoplanetary observations. First, we find that the occurrence rate of super-Earths, η _SE , follows an inverted V-shape in relation to stellar mass: it increases with stellar mass among lower-mass dwarfs, peaks at early M dwarfs, and declines toward higher-mass GK stars. Second, super-Earths grow ubiquitously around stars with various metallicities, exhibiting a flat or weak η _SE dependence on Z _⋆ . Third, giant planets in contrast form more frequently around stars with higher mass/metallicity. Lastly, we extend a subset of simulations to 1 Gyr to investigate the long-term evolution of the systems’ architecture. By converting our simulated systems into synthetic observations, we find that the eccentricities and inclinations of single-transit systems increase with stellar metallicity, while these dependencies in multiplanet systems remains relatively weak. The alignment between our results and observations provides key insights into the connection between planet populations and stellar properties. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-ad22ca3de4394578944864ef3cd57fd0 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1538-4357 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | IOP Publishing |
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| series | The Astrophysical Journal |
| spelling | doaj-art-ad22ca3de4394578944864ef3cd57fd02025-08-20T03:53:18ZengIOP PublishingThe Astrophysical Journal1538-43572025-01-019851710.3847/1538-4357/adc7a9Dependence of Planet Populations on Stellar Mass and Metallicity: A Pebble-accretion-based Planet Population Synthesis ModelMengrui Pan0https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0162-163XBeibei Liu1https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5830-3619Linjie Jiang2Jiwei Xie3https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6472-5348Wei Zhu4https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4027-4711Ignasi Ribas5https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6689-0312Institute for Astronomy, School of Physics, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027, People’s Republic of China ; bbliu@zju.edu.cn; Center for Cosmology and Computational Astrophysics, Institute for Advanced Study in Physics, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027, People’s Republic of ChinaInstitute for Astronomy, School of Physics, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027, People’s Republic of China ; bbliu@zju.edu.cn; Center for Cosmology and Computational Astrophysics, Institute for Advanced Study in Physics, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027, People’s Republic of ChinaInstitute for Astronomy, School of Physics, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027, People’s Republic of China ; bbliu@zju.edu.cn; Center for Cosmology and Computational Astrophysics, Institute for Advanced Study in Physics, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027, People’s Republic of ChinaSchool of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023, People’s Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Modern Astronomy and Astrophysics , Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210023, People’s Republic of ChinaDepartment of Astronomy, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, People’s Republic of ChinaInstitut de Ciències de l’Espai (ICE, CSIC) , Campus UAB, c/ Can Magrans s/n, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC) , c/ Gran Capità 2-4, 08034 Barcelona, SpainThe formation and evolution of planetary systems are linked to their host stellar environment. In this study, we employ a pebble-accretion-based planet population synthesis model to explore the correlation between planetary properties and stellar mass/metallicity. Our numerical results reproduce several main aspects of exoplanetary observations. First, we find that the occurrence rate of super-Earths, η _SE , follows an inverted V-shape in relation to stellar mass: it increases with stellar mass among lower-mass dwarfs, peaks at early M dwarfs, and declines toward higher-mass GK stars. Second, super-Earths grow ubiquitously around stars with various metallicities, exhibiting a flat or weak η _SE dependence on Z _⋆ . Third, giant planets in contrast form more frequently around stars with higher mass/metallicity. Lastly, we extend a subset of simulations to 1 Gyr to investigate the long-term evolution of the systems’ architecture. By converting our simulated systems into synthetic observations, we find that the eccentricities and inclinations of single-transit systems increase with stellar metallicity, while these dependencies in multiplanet systems remains relatively weak. The alignment between our results and observations provides key insights into the connection between planet populations and stellar properties.https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/adc7a9Exoplanet dynamicsExoplanetsExoplanet systemsExoplanet migrationExoplanet formation |
| spellingShingle | Mengrui Pan Beibei Liu Linjie Jiang Jiwei Xie Wei Zhu Ignasi Ribas Dependence of Planet Populations on Stellar Mass and Metallicity: A Pebble-accretion-based Planet Population Synthesis Model The Astrophysical Journal Exoplanet dynamics Exoplanets Exoplanet systems Exoplanet migration Exoplanet formation |
| title | Dependence of Planet Populations on Stellar Mass and Metallicity: A Pebble-accretion-based Planet Population Synthesis Model |
| title_full | Dependence of Planet Populations on Stellar Mass and Metallicity: A Pebble-accretion-based Planet Population Synthesis Model |
| title_fullStr | Dependence of Planet Populations on Stellar Mass and Metallicity: A Pebble-accretion-based Planet Population Synthesis Model |
| title_full_unstemmed | Dependence of Planet Populations on Stellar Mass and Metallicity: A Pebble-accretion-based Planet Population Synthesis Model |
| title_short | Dependence of Planet Populations on Stellar Mass and Metallicity: A Pebble-accretion-based Planet Population Synthesis Model |
| title_sort | dependence of planet populations on stellar mass and metallicity a pebble accretion based planet population synthesis model |
| topic | Exoplanet dynamics Exoplanets Exoplanet systems Exoplanet migration Exoplanet formation |
| url | https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/adc7a9 |
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