An Overview on Spheroid and Organoid Models in Applied Studies
From its inception, cell culture has been a great scientific tool for researchers in many diverse fields. The advancement from monolayer 2D cultures into three-dimensional cellular systems enabled a better experimental tool, as the 3D culture mimics in vivo environments more closely. Cells are aggre...
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MDPI AG
2025-03-01
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| author | Zorislava Živković Teuta Opačak-Bernardi |
| author_facet | Zorislava Živković Teuta Opačak-Bernardi |
| author_sort | Zorislava Živković |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | From its inception, cell culture has been a great scientific tool for researchers in many diverse fields. The advancement from monolayer 2D cultures into three-dimensional cellular systems enabled a better experimental tool, as the 3D culture mimics in vivo environments more closely. Cells are aggregated in clusters, allowing for more cell-to-cell interactions, cell migration, and differences in nutrient and oxygen availability. Spheroids and organoids are most commonly used and have proven themselves as models for a large number of analytical purposes. The simplicity of spheroid production is often a good starting point. Because organoids are more complex, they can provide better and more complete data, but they can be difficult to grow and maintain. With increasing concern about the applicability of data obtained from animal studies and questions regarding animal welfare, these can replace a large proportion of these models and provide accurate and rapid results. In this overview, aimed at someone looking for an introductory summary of the requirements and possibilities of different 3D culture approaches, we give the basic information on various uses of spheroids and organoids in different fields of science. Assays based on spheroids and organoids can be adapted for a range of applications, and their use will continue to grow. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-acdabe19a2594d0f9020e4068b38edbc |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2413-4155 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Sci |
| spelling | doaj-art-acdabe19a2594d0f9020e4068b38edbc2025-08-20T01:49:03ZengMDPI AGSci2413-41552025-03-01712710.3390/sci7010027An Overview on Spheroid and Organoid Models in Applied StudiesZorislava Živković0Teuta Opačak-Bernardi1Našice General Hospital, 31500 Našice, CroatiaDepartment of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, 31000 Osijek, CroatiaFrom its inception, cell culture has been a great scientific tool for researchers in many diverse fields. The advancement from monolayer 2D cultures into three-dimensional cellular systems enabled a better experimental tool, as the 3D culture mimics in vivo environments more closely. Cells are aggregated in clusters, allowing for more cell-to-cell interactions, cell migration, and differences in nutrient and oxygen availability. Spheroids and organoids are most commonly used and have proven themselves as models for a large number of analytical purposes. The simplicity of spheroid production is often a good starting point. Because organoids are more complex, they can provide better and more complete data, but they can be difficult to grow and maintain. With increasing concern about the applicability of data obtained from animal studies and questions regarding animal welfare, these can replace a large proportion of these models and provide accurate and rapid results. In this overview, aimed at someone looking for an introductory summary of the requirements and possibilities of different 3D culture approaches, we give the basic information on various uses of spheroids and organoids in different fields of science. Assays based on spheroids and organoids can be adapted for a range of applications, and their use will continue to grow.https://www.mdpi.com/2413-4155/7/1/27cell culturecytotoxicitydisease modellingdrug discoverypersonalised medicineregenerative medicine |
| spellingShingle | Zorislava Živković Teuta Opačak-Bernardi An Overview on Spheroid and Organoid Models in Applied Studies Sci cell culture cytotoxicity disease modelling drug discovery personalised medicine regenerative medicine |
| title | An Overview on Spheroid and Organoid Models in Applied Studies |
| title_full | An Overview on Spheroid and Organoid Models in Applied Studies |
| title_fullStr | An Overview on Spheroid and Organoid Models in Applied Studies |
| title_full_unstemmed | An Overview on Spheroid and Organoid Models in Applied Studies |
| title_short | An Overview on Spheroid and Organoid Models in Applied Studies |
| title_sort | overview on spheroid and organoid models in applied studies |
| topic | cell culture cytotoxicity disease modelling drug discovery personalised medicine regenerative medicine |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2413-4155/7/1/27 |
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