Comprehensive Assessment of Ocean Surface Current Retrievals Using SAR Doppler Shift and Drifting Buoy Observations

Ocean surface radial current velocities can be derived from synthetic aperture radar (SAR) Doppler shift observations using the Doppler centroid technique and a recently developed Doppler velocity model. However, comprehensive evaluations of the accuracy and reliability of these retrievals remain li...

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Main Authors: Shengren Fan, Biao Zhang, Vladimir Kudryavtsev
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-06-01
Series:Remote Sensing
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/17/12/2007
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author Shengren Fan
Biao Zhang
Vladimir Kudryavtsev
author_facet Shengren Fan
Biao Zhang
Vladimir Kudryavtsev
author_sort Shengren Fan
collection DOAJ
description Ocean surface radial current velocities can be derived from synthetic aperture radar (SAR) Doppler shift observations using the Doppler centroid technique and a recently developed Doppler velocity model. However, comprehensive evaluations of the accuracy and reliability of these retrievals remain limited. To address this gap, we analyzed 6341 Sentinel-1 SAR scenes acquired over the South China Sea (SCS) between December 2017 and October 2023, in conjunction with drifting buoy observations, to systematically validate the retrieved radial current velocities. A linear fitting method and the dual co-polarization Doppler velocity (DPDop) model were applied to correct for the influence of non-geophysical factors and sea state effects. The validation against the drifter data yielded a bias of 0.01 m/s, a root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.18 m/s, and a mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.16 m/s. Further comparisons with the Surface and Merged Ocean Currents (SMOC) dataset revealed bias, RMSE, and MAE values of 0.07 m/s, 0.14 m/s, and 0.12 m/s in the Beibu Gulf, and −0.06 m/s, 0.23 m/s, and 0.19 m/s in the Kuroshio intrusion area. These results demonstrate that SAR Doppler measurements have a strong potential to complement existing ocean observations in the SCS by providing high-resolution (1 km) ocean surface current maps.
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spelling doaj-art-acd65feb8137498dab8984a6c50eeb812025-08-20T03:29:35ZengMDPI AGRemote Sensing2072-42922025-06-011712200710.3390/rs17122007Comprehensive Assessment of Ocean Surface Current Retrievals Using SAR Doppler Shift and Drifting Buoy ObservationsShengren Fan0Biao Zhang1Vladimir Kudryavtsev2Satellite Oceanography Laboratory, Russian State Hydrometeorological University, St. Petersburg 195196, RussiaState Key Laboratory of Climate System Prediction and Risk Management, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, ChinaSatellite Oceanography Laboratory, Russian State Hydrometeorological University, St. Petersburg 195196, RussiaOcean surface radial current velocities can be derived from synthetic aperture radar (SAR) Doppler shift observations using the Doppler centroid technique and a recently developed Doppler velocity model. However, comprehensive evaluations of the accuracy and reliability of these retrievals remain limited. To address this gap, we analyzed 6341 Sentinel-1 SAR scenes acquired over the South China Sea (SCS) between December 2017 and October 2023, in conjunction with drifting buoy observations, to systematically validate the retrieved radial current velocities. A linear fitting method and the dual co-polarization Doppler velocity (DPDop) model were applied to correct for the influence of non-geophysical factors and sea state effects. The validation against the drifter data yielded a bias of 0.01 m/s, a root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.18 m/s, and a mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.16 m/s. Further comparisons with the Surface and Merged Ocean Currents (SMOC) dataset revealed bias, RMSE, and MAE values of 0.07 m/s, 0.14 m/s, and 0.12 m/s in the Beibu Gulf, and −0.06 m/s, 0.23 m/s, and 0.19 m/s in the Kuroshio intrusion area. These results demonstrate that SAR Doppler measurements have a strong potential to complement existing ocean observations in the SCS by providing high-resolution (1 km) ocean surface current maps.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/17/12/2007synthetic aperture radar (SAR)doppler shiftDPDop modelsea statesocean surface current
spellingShingle Shengren Fan
Biao Zhang
Vladimir Kudryavtsev
Comprehensive Assessment of Ocean Surface Current Retrievals Using SAR Doppler Shift and Drifting Buoy Observations
Remote Sensing
synthetic aperture radar (SAR)
doppler shift
DPDop model
sea states
ocean surface current
title Comprehensive Assessment of Ocean Surface Current Retrievals Using SAR Doppler Shift and Drifting Buoy Observations
title_full Comprehensive Assessment of Ocean Surface Current Retrievals Using SAR Doppler Shift and Drifting Buoy Observations
title_fullStr Comprehensive Assessment of Ocean Surface Current Retrievals Using SAR Doppler Shift and Drifting Buoy Observations
title_full_unstemmed Comprehensive Assessment of Ocean Surface Current Retrievals Using SAR Doppler Shift and Drifting Buoy Observations
title_short Comprehensive Assessment of Ocean Surface Current Retrievals Using SAR Doppler Shift and Drifting Buoy Observations
title_sort comprehensive assessment of ocean surface current retrievals using sar doppler shift and drifting buoy observations
topic synthetic aperture radar (SAR)
doppler shift
DPDop model
sea states
ocean surface current
url https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/17/12/2007
work_keys_str_mv AT shengrenfan comprehensiveassessmentofoceansurfacecurrentretrievalsusingsardopplershiftanddriftingbuoyobservations
AT biaozhang comprehensiveassessmentofoceansurfacecurrentretrievalsusingsardopplershiftanddriftingbuoyobservations
AT vladimirkudryavtsev comprehensiveassessmentofoceansurfacecurrentretrievalsusingsardopplershiftanddriftingbuoyobservations