The temporal dynamics of metacognitive experiences track rational adaptations in task performance

Abstract Human task performance elicits diverse subjective metacognitive experiences, such as boredom, effort, fatigue, and frustration, which are considered to play important roles in the monitoring and regulation of cognitive processes. Yet, their specific contributions to task performance remain...

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Main Authors: Luc Vermeylen, Senne Braem, Ivan I. Ivanchei, Kobe Desender, J. M. García-Román, Carlos González-García, María Ruz, Wim Notebaert
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Nature Portfolio 2025-07-01
Series:Communications Psychology
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1038/s44271-025-00282-x
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author Luc Vermeylen
Senne Braem
Ivan I. Ivanchei
Kobe Desender
J. M. García-Román
Carlos González-García
María Ruz
Wim Notebaert
author_facet Luc Vermeylen
Senne Braem
Ivan I. Ivanchei
Kobe Desender
J. M. García-Román
Carlos González-García
María Ruz
Wim Notebaert
author_sort Luc Vermeylen
collection DOAJ
description Abstract Human task performance elicits diverse subjective metacognitive experiences, such as boredom, effort, fatigue, and frustration, which are considered to play important roles in the monitoring and regulation of cognitive processes. Yet, their specific contributions to task performance remain poorly understood. Therefore, we investigated the temporal dynamics underlying these metacognitive experiences and latent cognitive processes supporting task performance. We used a time-on-task design using a conflict task and analyzed the data using a comprehensive approach encompassing behavioral, model-based, subjective, and neural measures (N = 111). Our results show that changes in cognitive processes can be understood as a rational attempt to optimize task performance and that distinct metacognitive experiences are related to different aspects of this rational endeavor. These findings suggest that metacognitive experiences act as tools for humans to gain insights into the optimality of their cognitive performance.
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spelling doaj-art-ac65f71757da4844a9d01b8e46e9bbc72025-08-20T04:01:41ZengNature PortfolioCommunications Psychology2731-91212025-07-013111410.1038/s44271-025-00282-xThe temporal dynamics of metacognitive experiences track rational adaptations in task performanceLuc Vermeylen0Senne Braem1Ivan I. Ivanchei2Kobe Desender3J. M. García-Román4Carlos González-García5María Ruz6Wim Notebaert7Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent UniversityDepartment of Experimental Psychology, Ghent UniversityDepartment of Experimental Psychology, Ghent UniversityBrain and Cognition, KU LeuvenMind, Brain, and Behavior Research Center, University of GranadaMind, Brain, and Behavior Research Center, University of GranadaMind, Brain, and Behavior Research Center, University of GranadaDepartment of Experimental Psychology, Ghent UniversityAbstract Human task performance elicits diverse subjective metacognitive experiences, such as boredom, effort, fatigue, and frustration, which are considered to play important roles in the monitoring and regulation of cognitive processes. Yet, their specific contributions to task performance remain poorly understood. Therefore, we investigated the temporal dynamics underlying these metacognitive experiences and latent cognitive processes supporting task performance. We used a time-on-task design using a conflict task and analyzed the data using a comprehensive approach encompassing behavioral, model-based, subjective, and neural measures (N = 111). Our results show that changes in cognitive processes can be understood as a rational attempt to optimize task performance and that distinct metacognitive experiences are related to different aspects of this rational endeavor. These findings suggest that metacognitive experiences act as tools for humans to gain insights into the optimality of their cognitive performance.https://doi.org/10.1038/s44271-025-00282-x
spellingShingle Luc Vermeylen
Senne Braem
Ivan I. Ivanchei
Kobe Desender
J. M. García-Román
Carlos González-García
María Ruz
Wim Notebaert
The temporal dynamics of metacognitive experiences track rational adaptations in task performance
Communications Psychology
title The temporal dynamics of metacognitive experiences track rational adaptations in task performance
title_full The temporal dynamics of metacognitive experiences track rational adaptations in task performance
title_fullStr The temporal dynamics of metacognitive experiences track rational adaptations in task performance
title_full_unstemmed The temporal dynamics of metacognitive experiences track rational adaptations in task performance
title_short The temporal dynamics of metacognitive experiences track rational adaptations in task performance
title_sort temporal dynamics of metacognitive experiences track rational adaptations in task performance
url https://doi.org/10.1038/s44271-025-00282-x
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